Tag: secondary

AP 中国文化和中国文化 Chinese Language and Culture

AP Chinese Language and Culture

The AP Chinese Language and Culture course and exam are an important step in a commitment by the College Board to further multiculturalism and multilingualism in secondary school education.

“Through the world language programs, the College Board hopes to make a significant contribution to secondary school curricula,” College Board President
Gaston Caperton said. “World events make it ever more obvious that a broad knowledge and understanding of other languages and cultures is essential for our young people.”

The AP Chinese Language and Culture course is designed to be comparable to fourth semester (or the equivalent) college/university courses in Mandarin Chinese. These college courses, which deepen students’ immersion into the language and culture of the Chinese-speaking world, typically represent the point at which students complete approximately 250 hours of college-level classroom instruction. Course work provides students with opportunities to perform Intermediate- to Advanced-level tasks, and students are expected to achieve proficiencies throughout, and sometimes beyond, the Intermediate range, as described in the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) Proficiency Guidelines.

The AP course prepares students to demonstrate their level of Chinese proficiency across the three communicative modes (Interpersonal, Interpretive, and
Presentational) and the five goal areas (Communication, Cultures, Connections, Comparisons, and Communities) as outlined in the Standards for Foreign Language Learning in the 21st Century. Its aim is to provide students with ongoing and varied opportunities to further develop their proficiencies across the full range of language skills within a cultural frame of reference reflective of the richness of Chinese language and culture. AP Chinese Language and Culture teachers plan and implement a course that focuses on language proficiency while interweaving level- and ageappropriate cultural content throughout the course and providing for frequent formative assessment of students’ developing proficiencies within the context of their learning. Instructional materials and activities are carefully and strategically adapted from authentic sources to support the linguistic and cultural goals of the course.

AP微积分BC Calculus BC

AP Calculus BC

AP courses in calculus consist of a full high school academic year of work and are comparable to calculus courses in colleges and universities. It is expected that students who take an AP course in calculus will seek college credit, college placement, or both from institutions of higher learning.

The AP Program includes specifications for two calculus courses and the exam for each course. The two courses and the two corresponding exams are designated as Calculus AB and Calculus BC.

Calculus AB can be offered as an AP course by any school that can organize a curriculum for students with mathematical ability. This curriculum should include all the prerequisites for a year’s course in calculus listed on page 6. Calculus AB is designed to be taught over a full high school academic year. It is possible to spend some time on elementary functions and still teach the Calculus AB curriculum within a year. However, if students are to be adequately prepared for the Calculus AB Exam, most of the year must be devoted to the topics in differential and integral calculus describedon pages 6 to 9. These topics are the focus of the AP Exam questions.

Calculus BC can be offered by schools where students are able to complete all the prerequisites listed on page 6 before taking the course. Calculus BC is a full-year course in the calculus of functions of a single variable. It includes all topics taught in Calculus AB plus additional topics, but both courses are intended to be challenging and demanding; they require a similar depth of understanding of common topics. The topics for Calculus BC are describedon
pages 9 to 12. A Calculus AB subscore is reported based on performance on the portion of the Calculus BC Exam devoted to Calculus AB topics.

Both courses described here represent college-level mathematics for which most colleges grant advanced placement and/or credit. Most colleges and universities offer a sequence of several courses in calculus, and entering students are placed within this sequence according to the extent of their preparation, as measured by the results of an AP Exam or other criteria. Appropriate credit and placement are granted by each institution in accordance with local policies. The content of Calculus BC is designed to qualify the student for placement and credit in a course that is one course beyond that granted for Calculus AB. Many colleges provide statements regarding their AP policies in their catalogs and on their websites.

Secondary schools have a choice of several possible actions regarding AP Calculus. The option that is most appropriate for a particular school depends on local conditions and resources: school size, curriculum, the preparation of teachers, and the interest of students, teachers, and administrators.

Success in AP Calculus is closely tied to the preparation students have had in courses leading up to their AP courses. Students should have demonstrated mastery of material from courses that are the equivalent of four full years of high school mathematics before attempting calculus. These courses should include the study of algebra, geometry, coordinate geometry, and trigonometry, with the fourth year of study including advanced topics in algebra, trigonometry, analytic geometry, and elementary functions. Even though schools may choose from a variety of ways to accomplish these studies — including beginning the study of high school mathematics in grade 8; encouraging the election of more than one mathematics course in grade 9, 10, or 11; or instituting a program of summer study or guided independent study — it should be emphasized that eliminating preparatory course work in order to take an AP course is not appropriate.

The AP Calculus Development Committee recommends that calculus should be taught as a college-level course. With a solid foundation in courses taken before AP, students will be prepared to handle the rigor of a course at this level. Students who take an AP Calculus course should do so with the intention of placing out of a comparable college calculus course. This may be done through the AP Exam, a college placement exam, or any other method employed by the college.

AP微积分AB Calculus AB

AP Calculus AB

AP courses in calculus consist of a full high school academic year of work and are comparable to calculus courses in colleges and universities. It is expected that students who take an AP course in calculus will seek college credit, college placement, or both from institutions of higher learning.

The AP Program includes specifications for two calculus courses and the exam for each course. The two courses and the two corresponding exams are designated as Calculus AB and Calculus BC.

Calculus AB can be offered as an AP course by any school that can organize a curriculum for students with mathematical ability. This curriculum should include all the prerequisites for a year’s course in calculus listed on page 6. Calculus AB is designed to be taught over a full high school academic year. It is possible to spend some time on elementary functions and still teach the Calculus AB curriculum within a year. However, if students are to be adequately prepared for the Calculus AB Exam, most of the year must be devoted to the topics in differential and integral calculus describedon pages 6 to 9. These topics are the focus of the AP Exam questions.

Calculus BC can be offered by schools where students are able to complete all the prerequisites listed on page 6 before taking the course. Calculus BC is a full-year course in the calculus of functions of a single variable. It includes all topics taught in Calculus AB plus additional topics, but both courses are intended to be challenging and demanding; they require a similar depth of understanding of common topics. The topics for Calculus BC are describedon
pages 9 to 12. A Calculus AB subscore is reported based on performance on the portion of the Calculus BC Exam devoted to Calculus AB topics.

Both courses described here represent college-level mathematics for which most colleges grant advanced placement and/or credit. Most colleges and universities offer a sequence of several courses in calculus, and entering students are placed within this sequence according to the extent of their preparation, as measured by the results of an AP Exam or other criteria. Appropriate credit and placement are granted by each institution in accordance with local policies. The content of Calculus BC is designed to qualify the student for placement and credit in a course that is one course beyond that granted for Calculus AB. Many colleges provide statements regarding their AP policies in their catalogs and on their websites.

Secondary schools have a choice of several possible actions regarding AP Calculus. The option that is most appropriate for a particular school depends on local conditions and resources: school size, curriculum, the preparation of teachers, and the interest of students, teachers, and administrators.

Success in AP Calculus is closely tied to the preparation students have had in courses leading up to their AP courses. Students should have demonstrated mastery of material from courses that are the equivalent of four full years of high school mathematics before attempting calculus. These courses should include the study of algebra, geometry, coordinate geometry, and trigonometry, with the fourth year of study including advanced topics in algebra, trigonometry, analytic geometry, and elementary functions. Even though schools may choose from a variety of ways to accomplish these studies — including beginning the study of high school mathematics in grade 8; encouraging the election of more than one mathematics course in grade 9, 10, or 11; or instituting a program of summer study or guided independent study — it should be emphasized that eliminating preparatory course work in order to take an AP course is not appropriate.

The AP Calculus Development Committee recommends that calculus should be taught as a college-level course. With a solid foundation in courses taken before AP, students will be prepared to handle the rigor of a course at this level. Students who take an AP Calculus course should do so with the intention of placing out of a comparable college calculus course. This may be done through the AP Exam, a college placement exam, or any other method employed by the college.

AP统计学 Statistics

AP Statistics

The Advanced Placement Program offers a course description and exam in statistics to secondary school students who wish to complete studies equivalent to a onesemester, introductory, non-calculus-based, college course in statistics.

Statistics and mathematics educators who serve as members of the AP Statistics Development Committee have prepared the Course Description and exam to reflect the content of a typical introductory college course in statistics. The exam is representative of such a course and therefore is considered appropriate for the measurement of skills and knowledge in the field of introductory statistics.

In colleges and universities, the number of students who take a statistics course is almost as large as the number of students who take a calculus course. A July 2002 article in the Chronicle of Higher Education reports that the enrollment in statistics courses from 1990 to 2000 increased by 45 percent — one testament to the growth of statistics in those institutions. An introductory statistics course, similar to the AP Statistics course, is typically required for majors such as social sciences, health sciences and business. Every semester about 236,000 college and university students enroll in an introductory statistics course offered by a mathematics or statistics department. In addition, a large number of students enroll in an introductory statistics course offered by other departments. Science, engineering and mathematics majors usually take an upper-level calculus-based course in statistics, for which the AP Statistics course is effective preparation.

The purpose of the AP course in statistics is to introduce students to the major concepts and tools for collecting, analyzing and drawing conclusions from data. Students are exposed to four broad conceptual themes:

1. Exploring Data: Describing patterns and departures from patterns
   2. Sampling and Experimentation: Planning and conducting a study
   3. Anticipating Patterns: Exploring random phenomena using probability and simulation
   4. Statistical Inference: Estimating population parameters and testing hypotheses

Students who successfully complete the course and exam may receive credit, advanced placement or both for a one-semester introductory college statistics course. This does not necessarily imply that the high school course should be one semester long. Each high school needs to determine the length of its AP Statistics course to best serve the needs of its students. Statistics, like some other AP courses, could be effectively studied in a one-semester, a two-trimester or a one-year course. Most schools, however, offer it as a one-year course.

AP 人文地理学 Human Geography

AP Human Geography

The Advanced Placement Program offers a course and exam in Human Geography to qualified students who wish to complete studies in secondary school equivalent to an introductory college course in human geography. The exam presumes at least one semester of college-level preparation, as is described in this book.

The inclusion of material in this Course Description and in the exam is not intended as an endorsement by the College Board or ETS of the content, ideas, or values expressed in the material. The material has been selected by geographers who serve as members of the AP Human Geography Development Committee. In their judgment, the material printed here reflects the content of a typical introductory college course in human geography. The exam is representative of such a course and therefore is considered appropriate for the measurement of skills and knowledge in the field of introductory human geography.

AP 美国历史 United States History

AP United States History

The Advanced Placement Program (AP) offers a course and exam in AP United States History to qualified students who wish to complete studies in secondary school equivalent to an introductory college course in U.S. history. The AP U.S. History Exam presumes at least one year of college-level preparation, as is described in this book.

The inclusion of material in the Course Description and exam is not intended as an endorsement by the College Board or ETS of the content, ideas, or values expressed in the material. The material contained herein has been selected and periodically revised by high school and university instructors of history who serve as members of the AP U.S. History Development Committee. It reflects the content of an introductory college course in U.S. history and is based on survey data from more than 100 colleges and universities. The exam tests skills and knowledge gained from an introductory survey in U.S. history.

The AP U.S. History course is designed to provide students with the analytic skills and factual knowledge necessary to deal critically with the problems and materials in U.S. history. The program prepares students for intermediate and advanced college courses by making demands upon them equivalent to those made by full-year introductory college courses. Students should learn to assess historical materials—their relevance to a given interpretive problem, reliability, and importance—and to weigh the evidence and interpretations presented in historical scholarship. An AP U.S. History course should thus develop the skills necessary to arrive at conclusions on the basis of an informed judgment and to prsent reasons and evidence clearly and persuasively in essay format.

化学 Chemistry3

AP Chemistry

The AP Chemistry course is designed to be the equivalent of the general chemistry course usually taken during the first college year. For some students,
this course enables them to undertake, in their first year, second-year work in the chemistry sequence at their institution or to register in courses in other fields where general chemistry is a prerequisite. For other students, the AP Chemistry course fulfills the laboratory science requirement and frees time for other courses.

AP Chemistry should meet the objectives of a good college general chemistry course. Students in such a course should attain a depth of understanding of
fundamentals and a reasonable competence in dealing with chemical problems. The course should contribute to the development of the students’ abilities to think clearly and to express their ideas, orally and in writing, with clarity and logic. The college course in general chemistry differs qualitatively from the usual first secondary school course in chemistry with respect to the kind of textbook used, the topics covered, the emphasis on chemical calculations and the mathematical formulation of principles, and the kind of laboratory work done by students. Quantitative differences appear in the number of topics treated, the time spent on the course by students, and the nature and the variety of experiments done in the laboratory. Secondary schools that wish to offer an AP Chemistry course must be prepared to provide a laboratory experience equivalent to that of a typical college course.

IGCSE是指国际通用中等教育证书考试（International General Certificate of Secondary Education），是由英国剑桥考试委员会（Cambridge Assessment）主办的一种国际性中等教育考试，它与英国国内的GCSE相似，但是IGCSE的考试题目和课程标准更具国际化，同时也更加灵活。

IGCSE的课程范围非常广泛，包括大约70多个不同的学科。IGCSE考试的科目可以分为以下几大类：

语言和文学：包括英语、英语文学、外语（如法语、德语、西班牙语、中文等）等。

数学：包括数学和统计学。

科学：包括物理学、化学、生物学和地理学。

社会科学：包括历史、政治学、经济学、社会学和心理学等。

艺术和设计：包括艺术、音乐、戏剧和设计等。

商业和技术：包括商业和管理、信息和通信技术、工程和制造等。

IGCSE的课程标准高度认可，被广泛接受，尤其是在欧洲、澳大利亚、新西兰、亚洲和非洲等地区，成为了许多国际学生申请进入大学的入学要求。

英国IGCSE是什么

GCSE是英国中等教育证书考试（General Certificate of Secondary Education）的简称，是英国中学阶段的核心考试之一，通常在学生年龄为14-16岁之间进行。GCSE考试的成绩对学生是否能够升入A-level（高级水平）或IB（国际文凭）课程具有重要影响。

在英国，GCSE包含很多不同的课程，包括但不限于以下科目：

语言和文学：包括英语语言和文学、外语（如法语、德语、西班牙语、中文等）等。

数学：包括数学和统计学。

科学：包括物理学、化学、生物学和地理学。

社会科学：包括历史、政治学、经济学、社会学和心理学等。

艺术和设计：包括艺术、音乐、戏剧和设计等。

商业和技术：包括商业和管理、信息和通信技术、工程和制造等。

学生可以根据自己的兴趣和学习计划自由选择GCSE课程，而不是必须学习所有课程。不同学校会提供不同的GCSE课程组合，学生可以选择适合自己的课程。此外，有些学校还会开设特殊的GCSE课程，如体育、公民教育等。

英国GCSE是什么