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例题 1 · A-Level · Business Growth
Explain two reasons why some firms choose to remain small rather than grow. (4 marks)
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Reasons why firms remain small (2 marks each, max 4):
- Size of the market: If the market is limited (e.g., niche market for luxury or specialist goods), there may not be enough demand to support mass production or expansion. [See Page 6]
- Access to finance: Small firms may struggle to obtain loans from banks (seen as high risk) or may not have enough retained profits to fund growth. [See Page 6]
例题 2 · A-Level · Business Growth
Explain what is meant by the principal-agent problem and suggest one way it can be overcome. (4 marks)
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Definition (2 marks): The principal-agent problem occurs when there is a separation of ownership and control in a firm. The owners (principals, i.e., shareholders) want to maximise profit, but the managers (agents) may pursue their own objectives (e.g., higher salaries, job security, prestige) instead of maximising shareholder value. This leads to profit satisficing rather than profit maximisation. [See Page 2-3]
Solution (2 marks):
例题 3 · A-Level · Business Growth
Distinguish between organic (internal) growth and integration (external growth). (4 marks)
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Organic growth (2 marks): Organic growth occurs when a firm expands by increasing its own output, e.g., through investment in new machinery, hiring more labour, opening new stores, or developing new products. It is internal and gradual. [See Page 4]
Integration (2 marks): Integration (external growth) occurs when a firm grows through merger, takeover, or amalgamation with another firm. This can be vertical, horizontal, or conglom…