📚 Year 11 WJEC Law: A Quick Guide to Legal Vocabulary | WJEC Year 11法律词汇速记指南
Mastering legal terminology is essential for success in Year 11 WJEC Law. This guide provides a concise revision resource covering core legal vocabulary across criminal, civil, and human rights law, helping you to define, apply, and analyse key terms with confidence.
掌握法律术语是成功学习WJEC Year 11法律的基石。本指南提供了一份涵盖刑法、民法及人权法核心词汇的简明复习资源，帮助你有信心地定义、应用和分析关键术语。
1. Core Legal Concepts | 核心法律概念
Criminal law involves the state prosecuting individuals for conduct deemed harmful to society. Civil law, by contrast, deals with disputes between private parties, such as individuals or businesses.
刑法涉及国家对被认为危害社会的个人行为提起公诉。民法则是处理私人当事人（如个人或企业）之间的纠纷。
The concept of 'actus reus' means the guilty act, the physical element of a crime. It must be a voluntary act or, in some cases, an omission where there is a duty to act.
'Actus reus'（犯罪行为）指犯罪的行为要素，即犯罪的物理行为。必须是自愿行为，或者在某些情况下，存在作为义务而不作为。
'Mens rea' is the guilty mind, referring to the mental state required for a crime. Common forms include intention (direct or oblique) and recklessness (Cunningham subjective recklessness).
'Mens rea'（犯罪意图）指犯罪的心理要素。常见形式包括故意（直接或间接故意）和轻率（Cunningham主观轻率）。
The standard of proof in criminal law is 'beyond reasonable doubt', while in civil law it is the 'balance of probabilities'.
刑法中的证明标准是“排除合理怀疑”，民法中则是“可能性权衡”。
2. Sources of Law | 法律渊源
English law derives from several sources: common law (judge-made law through precedent), statute law (Acts of Parliament), and, until Brexit, EU law. Human rights law is now primarily governed by the Human Rights Act 1998, incorporating the European Convention on Human Rights.
英格兰法律有多个渊源：普通法（通过先例形成的法官法）、成文法（议会法案），以及在脱欧前的欧盟法。人权法现在主要由纳入《欧洲人权公约》的《1998年人权法》调整。
Parliamentary supremacy means that an Act of Parliament is the highest form of law; courts cannot overrule it but may declare incompatibility under the Human Rights Act.
议会至上原则意味着议会法案是最高法律形式；法院不可推翻，但可根据《人权法》作出不一致宣告。
Delegated legislation refers to laws made by bodies other than Parliament, such as statutory instruments, by-laws, and Orders in Council.
授权立法指由议会以外的机构制定的法律，如行政规章、地方法规和枢密院令。
3. The Criminal Courts & Procedure | 刑事法院与程序
Criminal cases start in the Magistrates' Court, where summary offences and some either-way offences are heard. The Crown Court handles indictable offences and more serious either-way cases, often with a jury.
刑事案件始于治安法院，审理简易罪和部分可任意方式审判的罪行。刑事法院审理可公诉罪及更严重的可任选案件，通常设有陪审团。
Key procedural terms: 'indictment' is the formal charge, 'arraignment' is when the defendant enters a plea, and 'committal for sentence' happens when magistrates send a case to the Crown Court for sentencing.
关键程序术语：'indictment'（公诉书）是正式控罪书，'arraignment'（答辩程序）是被告进行答辩，'committal for sentence'（移送判刑）指治安法官将案件送交刑事法院量刑。
The bail decision is governed by the Bail Act 1976, with a presumption in favour of bail unless there are substantial grounds for believing the defendant would abscond, commit further offences, or interfere with witnesses.
保释决定受《1976年保释法》管辖，以准予保释为推定，除非有实质理由相信被告会潜逃、继续犯罪或干扰证人。
| Court | 中文 | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Magistrates' Court | 治安法院 | Hears summary offences, either-way pleas, preliminary hearings. |
| Crown Court | 刑事法院 | Tries indictable offences, jury trials, appeals from Magistrates. |
4. Key Criminal Law Terms | 关键刑法术语
Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought (intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm). Partial defences like diminished responsibility or loss of control may reduce murder to voluntary manslaughter.
谋杀是怀有恶意预谋（杀人或造成严重身体伤害的意图）非法杀害他人。部分辩护理由如责任能力减弱或失控可将谋杀减轻为非预谋杀人。
Theft is defined by s.1 Theft Act 1968 as the dishonest appropriation of property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it.
盗窃根据《1968年盗窃法》第1条，定义为怀有永久剥夺他人财产的意图，不诚实地占有属于他人的财产。
Robbery (s.8) is theft aggravated by the use or threat of force. Burglary (s.9) involves entering a building as a trespasser with intent to steal, inflict grievous bodily harm, or do unlawful damage.
抢劫（第8条）是使用或威胁使用武力的加重盗窃。入室盗窃（第9条）指作为侵入者进入建筑物，意图盗窃、造成严重身体伤害或非法损坏。
The defence of self-defence allows reasonable force to protect oneself or another, or to prevent crime; the force used must be proportionate to the threat as honestly perceived.
自我防卫的抗辩允许以合理武力保护自己或他人，或防止犯罪；所用力道必须与诚实地感受到的威胁成比例。
5. Tort Law Essentials | 侵权法基础
Tort law deals with civil wrongs. Negligence is the most common tort, requiring duty of care, breach of that duty, causation of damage, and harm that is not too remote.
侵权法处理民事不法行为。过失侵权是最常见的侵权，需证明注意义务、违反该义务、造成损害且损害并非过分遥远。
The neighbour principle from Donoghue v Stevenson establishes that you must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions likely to injure your neighbour – persons closely and directly affected.
Donoghue v Stevenson案中的邻人原则确立：你必须采取合理注意，避免伤害邻人（即紧密且直接受影响的人）的作为或不作为。
Occupiers' liability refers to the duty of care owed by occupiers of premises to visitors under the Occupiers' Liability Act 1957 and, to some extent, to trespassers under the 1984 Act.
占有人责任指依据《1957年占有人责任法》，占有人对访客负有的注意义务，以及根据1984年法案在某种程度上对侵入者亦负有责任。
Nuisance can be private (unreasonable interference with land use) or public (affecting a class of Her Majesty's subjects). The Rylands v Fletcher rule imposes strict liability for escapes of dangerous things from land.
妨害可分为私人妨害（不合理干涉土地使用权）和公共妨害（影响女王子民某一群体）。Rylands v Fletcher规则对土地上危险物品的逸出施加严格责任。
6. Contract Law Vocabulary | 合同法词汇
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