📚 Year 11 WJEC Sociology: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | 威尔士联合考试局高一年级社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering sociology means first mastering its language. This bilingual guide breaks down the essential terms you will meet in your WJEC Year 11 course – from social stratification and family to education, crime, and research methods. Each term is explained clearly in English and Chinese, with memorable examples and tips to help you recall them quickly in the exam. Use the mini tables for quick self-testing and the paired paragraphs to deepen your understanding.
掌握社会学，首先要掌握它的语言。这份双语指南为你拆解威尔士联合考试局高一年级课程中的核心术语——涵盖社会分层、家庭、教育、犯罪与研究方法等主题。每个术语都配有清晰的中英文解释，并附上便于记忆的例子和小窍门，帮助你在考试中快速回顾。借助迷你表格进行自我检测，通过配对段落加深理解。
1. Social Stratification & Inequality | 社会分层与不平等
Social stratification refers to the way society is divided into layers (strata) based on factors like class, gender, ethnicity, and age. It involves the unequal distribution of resources, power, and status.
社会分层指的是社会根据阶级、性别、种族和年龄等因素划分成不同层级的方式。它涉及资源、权力和地位的不平等分配。
Key terms:
关键术语：
- Social mobility – the movement of individuals or groups between different social positions. Example: A child from a working-class background becoming a doctor.
- 社会流动 – 个人或群体在不同社会位置之间的移动。例如：来自工人阶级家庭的孩子成为医生。
- Ascribed status – a social position fixed at birth, such as race or royal title.
- 先赋地位 – 出生时就确定的社会位置，例如种族或王室头衔。
- Achieved status – a social position gained through personal effort, like becoming a lawyer.
- 自致地位 – 通过个人努力获得的社会位置，例如成为律师。
- Life chances – the opportunities each individual has to achieve things regarded as desirable, such as good health, education, and income (a concept from Max Weber).
- 生活机会 – 个体获得被认为是有价值事物的机会，例如良好的健康、教育和收入（马克斯·韦伯提出的概念）。
| Term (English) | 中文术语 | Memory Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Meritocracy | 精英统治/任人唯贤 | Think 'merit + cracy' (rule by talent) |
| Relative deprivation | 相对剥夺 | Feeling poor compared to others around you |
2. Key Thinkers on Class & Stratification | 阶级与分层的重要思想家
WJEC expects you to know the contributions of Marx, Weber, and functionalists like Davis and Moore. Here is how their ideas connect to terminology.
威尔士联合考试局要求你了解马克思、韦伯以及戴维斯和摩尔等功能主义者的贡献。以下是他们的观点如何与术语相联系的说明。
Karl Marx: He saw society as divided between the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (workers). The term false class consciousness means workers not realising they are being exploited.
卡尔·马克思： 他认为社会分为资产阶级（生产资料所有者）和无产阶级（工人）。虚假阶级意识 一词指工人没有意识到自己正被剥削。
Max Weber: He added status and party (power) to class, arguing stratification is multi-dimensional. Your market situation (skills and qualifications) influences life chances.
马克斯·韦伯： 他在阶级之外加入了地位和政党（权力），认为分层是多维度的。你的市场处境（技能和资质）会影响生活机会。
Davis & Moore (functionalists): They argued that stratification is a functional necessity – the most important roles must be filled by the most talented people, and high rewards motivate this. The term role allocation is central.
戴维斯和摩尔（功能主义者）： 他们认为分层是一种功能必要——最重要的角色必须由最有才能的人担任，高报酬是激励手段。角色分配 这一术语是核心。
3. Family & Household Structures | 家庭与住户结构
In the sociology of families, a key distinction is between a family (a group of people linked by kinship ties) and a household (one person living alone or a group sharing a living arrangement). Learn these structural terms.
在家庭社会学中，关键的区分在于家庭（由亲属关系联系起来的一群人）和住户（独居者或共享居住安排的一群人）之间。请学习以下结构术语。
- Nuclear family – a two-generation family of parents and their children.
- 核心家庭 – 由父母及其子女组成的二代家庭。
- Extended family – a family containing relatives beyond the nuclear family, often three generations living together.
- 扩展家庭 – 包含核心家庭以外亲属的家庭，通常三代同堂。
- Reconstituted family (blended family) – a family formed by partners who have children from previous relationships.
- 重组家庭 – 由双方带着前段关系中的子女组成的家庭。
- Lone-parent family – a single parent raising children.
- 单亲家庭 – 由单亲抚养子女的家庭。
- Empty nest family – a couple whose children have left home.
- 空巢家庭 – 子女离家后的夫妻家庭。
Tip: When discussing family diversity, use terms like cultural diversity (different ethnic family patterns) and life-cycle diversity (family structure changes over a person's life).
提示： 在讨论家庭多样性时，请使用文化多样性（不同种族的家庭模式）和生命周期多样性（家庭结构在个人一生中的变化）等术语。
4. Family Processes: Roles & Relationships | 家庭过程：角色与关系
Functionalists like Parsons described the instrumental role (breadwinner, male) and the expressive role (homemaker, female). Critics use the term symmetrical family (Young and Willmott) where roles are more equal.
帕森斯等功能主义者描述了工具性角色（养家者，男性）和表达性角色（持家者，女性）。批评者则使用对称家庭（扬和威尔莫特提出的概念），其中角色更为平等。
Dual burden (double shift): when women do paid work and still take on most domestic responsibilities.
双重负担（双班制）： 女性从事有偿工作，却仍承担大部分家务责任。
Emotion work: the management of one's own and others' feelings, often expected of women in families.
情感工作： 管理自己及他人感受的劳作，通常由家庭中的女性承担。
Remember the term patriarchy – a system where men dominate and hold power – which feminists use to explain unequal domestic divisions of labour.
请记住父权制（男性主导并掌握权力的体系）这一术语，女性主义者用它来解释不平等的家务分工。
5. Education: Functions and External Factors | 教育：功能与外部因素
In the sociology of education, you need terms that explain how factors outside school affect achievement. Cultural capital (Bourdieu) refers to the knowledge, language, and attitudes that middle-class children have, giving them an advantage.
在教育社会学中，你需要掌握解释校外因素如何影响成绩的术语。文化资本（布迪厄）指的是中产阶级儿童所具有的知识、语言和态度，这赋予他们优势。
Material deprivation: lacking the physical resources (housing, income, books) needed for educational success.
物质剥夺： 缺乏教育成功所需的物质资源（住房、收入、书籍）。
Labelling: attaching a meaning or definition to a student (e.g., 'troublemaker'), which can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy – the student internalises the label and acts accordingly.
贴标签： 赋予学生某种意义或定义（例如“捣蛋鬼”），这可能导致自我实现预言——学生内化该标签并据此行动。
Streaming / Setting: grouping students by ability. Streaming is across all subjects, setting is subject-specific.
分流/分班： 按能力将学生分组。分流 是针对所有科目，分班 则针对特定科目。
6. In-School Processes & Pupil Identities | 校内过程与学生身份
Interactionists focus on micro-level processes. Pupil subcultures are groups of students who share similar values and behaviour patterns – often pro-school or anti-school.
互动主义者关注微观层面的过程。学生亚文化 是指具有相似价值观和行为模式的学生群体，通常分为亲学校型和反学校型。
Key terms include differentiation (the process of teachers categorising pupils) and polarisation (pupils moving towards one of two extremes in response to streaming).
关键术语包括分化（教师对学生进行分类的过程）和极化（学生因分流而走向两个极端之一）。
Ethnocentric curriculum: a curriculum that prioritises one ethnic group's culture and history, often marginalising others.
种族中心课程： 优先考虑某一族群文化和历史的课程，往往使其他群体边缘化。
Institutional racism: discrimination built into the way an organisation like a school operates, leading to ethnic inequalities.
制度性种族主义： 内置于学校等机构运作方式中的歧视，导致种族不平等。
7. Crime & Deviance: Defining the Concepts | 犯罪与越轨：概念界定
Deviance is behaviour that goes against social norms, while crime is behaviour that breaks the law. An act can be deviant but not criminal (e.g., talking loudly in a library), or criminal but not deviant in certain subcultures (e.g., minor drug use).
越轨 是违背社会规范的行为，而犯罪 是触犯法律的行为。某种行为可能越轨但不违法（如在图书馆大声喧哗），也可能在某些亚文化中犯罪却不被视为越轨（如轻微吸毒）。
Social control refers to ways society ensures conformity – formal (police, courts) and informal (family, peers).
社会控制 指的是社会确保顺从的方式——正式控制（警察、法庭）和非正式控制（家庭、同伴）。
Learn the term anomie (Durkheim) – a state of normlessness where rules become unclear, often during rapid social change, leading to increased deviance.
请学习失范（涂尔干提出的术语）——一种规范缺失的状态，规则变得模糊不清，常发生于急剧社会变迁时期，导致越轨行为增加。
8. Data on Crime: Official Statistics vs. Self-Report | 犯罪数据：官方统计与自我报告
Official statistics come from police and court records, but these have a dark figure of crime – unreported or unrecorded offences. Victim surveys (e.g., the Crime Survey for England and Wales) capture some unrecorded crime.
官方统计数据来自警方和法庭记录，但存在犯罪黑数——未报案或未记录的违法行为。受害者调查（例如英格兰和威尔士犯罪调查）能捕捉到部分未记录的犯罪。
Self-report studies ask individuals to admit to offences they have committed, helping reveal crimes that never enter the system.
自我报告研究 要求个人承认自己犯下的罪行，有助于揭示从未进入司法系统的犯罪。
Typification: the police's common-sense theories about what a 'typical criminal' looks like, which can bias arrest rates.
类型化： 警方关于“典型罪犯”样貌的常识性理论，可能导致逮捕率出现偏差。
9. Sociological Research Methods: Key Concepts | 社会学研究方法：关键概念
You will be asked to evaluate methods. First, master these terms.
你将被要求评估研究方法。首先，请掌握这些术语。
- Primary data – information collected firsthand by the researcher (e.g., questionnaires, interviews).
- 一手数据 – 研究者亲自收集的信息（如问卷、访谈）。
- Secondary data – information that already exists (e.g., official statistics, historical documents).
- 二手数据 – 已存在的信息（如官方统计、历史文献）。
- Quantitative data – numerical data, often linked to positivism.
- 定量数据 – 数字型数据，常与实证主义相联系。
- Qualitative data – in-depth, non-numerical data, favoured by interpretivists.
- 定性数据 – 深度的、非数字型数据，为解释主义者所青睐。
Validity (does the research measure what it claims to?) and reliability (can it be repeated with the same results?) are essential concepts. A covert participant observation may have high validity but low reliability.
效度（研究是否测量了它声称要测量的东西？）和信度（重复研究能否得到相同结果？）是核心概念。隐蔽式参与观察可能效度高但信度低。
10. Practical, Ethical & Theoretical Issues | 实践、伦理与理论议题
When designing research, sociologists consider PET – Practical, Ethical, and Theoretical issues. Practical issues include time, access, and funding; ethical issues involve informed consent, confidentiality, and avoiding harm.
在设计研究时，社会学家会考虑PET——实践（Practical）、伦理（Ethical）和理论（Theoretical）议题。实践议题包括时间、进入许可和资金；伦理议题涉及知情同意、保密和避免伤害。
Theoretical issues relate to validity, reliability, and representativeness (does the sample reflect the target population?).
理论议题涉及效度、信度和代表性（样本是否反映目标总体？）。
Sampling techniques: random, stratified, snowball, opportunity. Each has strengths and limitations you must explain.
抽样技术： 随机抽样、分层抽样、滚雪球抽样、便利抽样。每种方法都有你必须阐述的优势和局限。
Verstehen: a Weberian term meaning empathetic understanding – placing yourself in the shoes of those you study. This underpins interpretivist approaches.
理解： 韦伯提出的术语，意为移情式理解——设身处地理解研究对象。这构成了解释主义方法的基础。
11. How to Memorise Terms Quickly | 如何快速记忆术语
Flashcards with an English prompt on one side and a Chinese definition with an example on the other work well. Use the 'look, cover, write, check' method. Link terms to real-life news stories – e.g., think of 'white-collar crime' when reading about corporate fraud.
一面是英文提示、另一面是中文定义加例子的抽认卡效果很好。使用“看、盖、写、查”方法。将术语与真实新闻联系起来——例如，读到企业欺诈时就想到“白领犯罪”。
Create mnemonic sentences. For instance, to remember the functions of the family (functionalist perspective): 'Primary socialisation, Economic support, Reproduction, Sexual regulation, Stabilisation of adult personalities' – the first letters spell PERS'S, but you can make your own.
创作助记句。例如，要记住家庭的功能（功能主义视角）：“初级社会化（Primary socialisation）、经济支持（Economic support）、繁衍（Reproduction）、性规范（Sexual regulation）、成年人个性稳定（Stabilisation of adult personalities）”——首字母组成 PERS'S，但你可以自创。
12. Glossary Bumper Pack for Quick Review | 快速回顾词汇包
Here is a rapid-fire table to test yourself. Cover the right column and recall the meaning.
以下是一个速测表格。遮住右栏，回想词义。
| English Term | 中文释义 |
|---|---|
| Canalisation | 管道化（性别社会化的方式） |
| Cultural deprivation | 文化剥夺 |
| Conjugal roles | 夫妻角色 |
| Dependency culture | 依赖文化 |
| Feminisation of education | 教育女性化 |
| Glass ceiling | 玻璃天花板 |
| Hidden curriculum | 隐性课程 |
| Ideological state apparatus | 意识形态国家机器 |
| Moral panic | 道德恐慌 |
| Social solidarity | 社会团结 |
Practice using these terms in full sentences when answering exam questions – this is what will earn you marks for sociological vocabulary.
在回答考题时，练习用完整的句子使用这些术语——这能为你赢得社会学词汇的分数。
Published by TutorHao | WJEC Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图