📚 Year 12 AQA Music: Glossary Quick Reference Guide | 英国高中12年级AQA音乐：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the terminology is one of the most reliable ways to boost your confidence and marks in AQA A-level Music. This quick reference guide brings together the essential Italian and English terms you will encounter when analysing set works, composing, and discussing musical elements. Use it as a revision checklist, a desktop companion during listening practice, or a pre-exam refresher.
掌握专业术语是提升 AQA A-level 音乐考试信心与分数最可靠的方法之一。本速记指南汇集了你在分析指定作品、作曲及讨论音乐要素时必会遇到的核心意大利语与英语术语，可用作复习清单、听力练习时的案头伴侣或考前温习资料。
1. Dynamics & Expressive Techniques | 力度与表情术语
Dynamics indicate the volume of music and are largely represented by standard Italian abbreviations. Expressive markings add nuance to the character of a passage and often appear together with dynamics in the score.
力度标记指示音乐的强弱，多用标准意大利语缩写表示。表情记号则增添乐段的性格细腻感，在乐谱中常与力度标记一起出现。
| Term | English Definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|
| pp (pianissimo) | Very soft | 很弱 |
| p (piano) | Soft | 弱 |
| mp (mezzo piano) | Moderately soft | 中弱 |
| mf (mezzo forte) | Moderately loud | 中强 |
| f (forte) | Loud | 强 |
| ff (fortissimo) | Very loud | 很强 |
| crescendo (cresc.) | Gradually getting louder | 渐强 |
| diminuendo (dim.) | Gradually getting softer | 渐弱 |
| sforzando (sfz) | A sudden, strong accent on a note | 突强，在一个音上突然加重 |
| dolce | Sweetly, softly | 甜美柔和地 |
| espressivo (espr.) | Expressively | 富有表现力地 |
2. Tempo Markings | 速度标记
Tempo markings define the speed of the beat and the overall character of a movement or section. Many are supplemented by mood qualifiers such as 'ma non troppo' (but not too much).
速度标记界定拍子的快慢以及一个乐章或段落的整体性格。许多标记会辅以情绪限定词，如 ‘ma non troppo’（但不过分）。
| Term | English Definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|
| Largo | Very slow and broad | 广板，很慢而宽广 |
| Adagio | Slow and stately | 柔板，缓慢而庄严 |
| Andante | At a walking pace | 行板，步行的速度 |
| Moderato | Moderate speed | 中板，中速 |
| Allegro | Fast, lively | 快板，快速活泼 |
| Vivace | Lively and brisk | 活板，充满活力地 |
| Presto | Very fast | 急板，非常快 |
| ritardando (rit.) | Gradually slowing down | 渐慢 |
| accelerando (accel.) | Gradually speeding up | 渐快 |
| a tempo | Return to the original speed | 回原速 |
3. Rhythm & Metre | 节奏与节拍
Rhythm concerns the pattern of note lengths and rests, while metre refers to the grouping of beats. AQA questions often expect you to identify simple, compound, or irregular time signatures and specific rhythmic devices.
节奏关乎音符时值和休止的排列模式，而节拍是指拍子的分组。AQA 试题常要求你辨认单拍子、复拍子或不规则拍号以及特殊的节奏手法。
| Term | English Definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|
| Simple time | Each beat divides into two equal parts (e.g. 2/4, 3/4, 4/4) | 单拍子，每拍可分成两个等份 |
| Compound time | Each beat divides into three equal parts (e.g. 6/8, 9/8, 12/8) | 复拍子，每拍可分成三个等份 |
| Syncopation | Accenting a normally weak beat or offbeat | 切分音，在通常的弱拍或弱位上加重音 |
| Dotted rhythm | A long note followed by a short note (dotted–short pattern) | 附点节奏，长音后接短音的模式 |
| Triplet | Three notes played in the time of two | 三连音，在原来两个音的时值内演奏三个音 |
| Hemiola | A shift from a compound triple feel to a simple triple feel, often at cadences | 赫米奥拉比例节奏，在终止式中由复三拍感转为单三拍感 |
| Anacrusis | An upbeat; an incomplete bar at the beginning of a phrase | 弱起（上拍），乐句开始处的不完全小节 |
4. Melody & Pitch | 旋律与音高
Melodic analysis requires you to describe shape, movement, range, and intervallic relationships. Key terms help you move beyond simply calling a tune 'nice' or 'catchy' and build accurate exam responses.
旋律分析要求你描述轮廓、进行、音域及音程关系。关键术语能帮你超越‘好听’或‘朗朗上口’的肤浅评语，构建精准的答题语言。
| Term | English Definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|
| Conjunct | Melody that moves by step (adjacent scale degrees) | 级进，按相邻音阶音进行的旋律 |
| Disjunct | Melody that moves by leaps (wider intervals) | 跳进，以较大音程跳跃进行的旋律 |
| Arpeggio | Notes of a chord played in succession, ascending or descending | 琶音，和弦各音依次上行或下行奏出 |
| Chromatic | Moving by semitones or using notes outside the prevailing key | 半音进行，以半音移动或使用调外音 |
| Sequence | Repetition of a melodic pattern at a higher or lower pitch | 模进，将旋律型在更高或更低的音高上重复 |
| Ostinato | A persistently repeated musical pattern | 固定音型，持续反复的简短音乐模式 |
| Tessitura | The most comfortable vocal or instrumental range within a piece | 常用音域，一件乐器或声部最舒适的音高范围 |
5. Harmony & Tonality | 和声与调性
Harmony describes the vertical combination of notes and chord progressions; tonality refers to the organisation around a key centre. You should be able to recognise cadences, chord types, and modulations by ear and from a score.
和声描述音符的纵向组合与和弦进行；调性指以主音为中心的组织方式。你应能通过听觉和乐谱辨认终止式、和弦种类与转调。
| Term | English Definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|
| Perfect cadence | V – I (dominant to tonic), sounds final | 正格终止，V – I，听感完满终止 |
| Plagal cadence | IV – I (subdominant to tonic), often 'Amen' | 变格终止，IV – I，常为‘阿门’终止 |
| Imperfect cadence | Ends on V (any chord to V), sounds unfinished | 不完全终止，结束在 V 上，听感未完 |
| Interrupted cadence | V – vi (dominant to submediant), a surprise | 阻碍终止，V – vi，带来意外的收束 |
| Modulation | A change of key within a piece | 转调，乐曲内调性的转换 |
| Diatonic | Using only notes belonging to the prevailing key | 自然音阶的，只使用当前调内的音符 |
| Pedal note | A held or repeated note, usually in the bass, while harmonies change above | 持续音，通常由低音声部保持而上方和声变换 |
| Tierce de Picardie | A major tonic chord at the end of a piece in a minor key | 辟卡迪三度，小调作品结束处的大主和弦 |
6. Texture | 织体
Texture describes how many layers of sound are present and how they relate to one another. Recognising texture changes is often a key part of AQA aural analysis and set-work study.
织体描述音乐中存在多少个层次以及它们之间的关系。辨别织体的变化通常是 AQA 听觉分析和作品研究的关键环节。
| Term | English Definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|
| Monophonic | A single melodic line with no accompaniment | 单声部，单一旋律线无伴奏 |
| Homophonic | Melody with chordal accompaniment moving in the same rhythm | 主调织体，旋律配以和弦伴奏，节奏一致 |
| Polyphonic | Two or more independent melodic lines sounding together | 复调织体，两条或以上独立旋律线同时发声 |
| Contrapuntal | A type of polyphony where lines are rhythmically and melodically distinct | 对位性织体，复调的一种，线条在节奏与旋律上各自独立 |
| Imitative | When one part echoes or mimics another soon after | 模仿式织体，一声部在另一声部之后迅速重复其旋律 |
| Unison | All parts performing the same notes at the same pitch or octave | 齐奏/齐唱，所有声部演奏同音或同八度 |
| Octaves | Parts doubling at an octave distance | 八度重复，声部间以八度间隔重叠 |
7. Structure & Form | 结构与曲式
Structure provides the overarching architecture of a piece. In your exam you need to label sections with letters (e.g. A, B, C) and describe sectional relationships using standard formal terminology.
结构赋予作品宏观的框架。在考试中你需要用字母标记乐段并借助标准曲式术语描述段落间的关系。
| Term | English Definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|
| Binary form (AB) | Two sections, each often repeated | 二段体，两乐段，常各自反复 |
| Ternary form (ABA) | Three sections where the first returns after a contrasting middle | 三段体，对比中段后再现首段 |
| Rondo form (ABACA) | A recurring main theme alternating with contrasting episodes | 回旋曲式，不断再现的主题与对比插部交替 |
| Theme and variations | A theme presented then altered in successive variations | 主题与变奏，先呈示主题然后依次变化 |
| Sonata form | Exposition – Development – Recapitulation (often with coda) | 奏鸣曲式，呈示部 – 发展部 – 再现部（常加尾声） |
| Strophic | Same music repeated for each verse of a song | 分节歌，每段歌词重复相同的音乐 |
| Through-composed | No large-scale repetition; music changes throughout | 通谱体，无大规模重复，音乐持续变化 |
8. Timbre & Instruments | 音色与乐器
Timbre (or sonority) describes the unique quality of a sound produced by a particular instrument, voice, or playing technique. AQA specifications require you
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