📚 Year 11 WJEC Biology: Quick Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 11 WJEC 生物：术语速记指南
Mastering biological terminology can feel like learning a new language. This guide breaks down key Year 11 WJEC terms using root words, mnemonics, and simple analogies, so you can memorise them quickly and apply them confidently in your exams.
掌握生物学术语感觉就像在学习一门新语言。本指南利用词根、记忆术和简单的类比来拆分 WJEC Year 11 的关键术语，让你能够快速记忆并在考试中自信地运用它们。
1. Why Terminology Matters | 为什么术语很重要
Biology is a subject rich in specialised vocabulary. Examiners expect precise use of terms like 'osmosis' rather than 'water movement'. Understanding the exact meaning of each term will help you avoid losing marks for vague answers and build a solid foundation for trickier application questions.
生物学是一门拥有丰富专业词汇的学科。考官期望你精准地使用“渗透”这样的术语，而不是泛泛地说“水分移动”。理解每个术语的确切含义，将帮助你避免因答案模糊而失分，并为更棘手的应用题打下坚实基础。
Moreover, many exam questions are essentially definitions in disguise. If you can decode words like 'photolysis' or 'translocation' instantly, you can structure your response around the core concept from the very first sentence.
此外，许多考试题目本质上是隐藏的定义题。如果你能瞬间解码“光解”或“转运”等词，你就能从第一句话开始围绕核心概念组织答案。
2. Unlocking Prefixes & Suffixes | 解锁前缀与后缀
A handful of Greek and Latin roots form the backbone of most biological terms. Learning these will allow you to deduce meanings of unfamiliar words on the spot. The table below collects the most high-yield prefixes and suffixes for WJEC Biology.
少数希腊语和拉丁语词根构成了大多数生物学术语的支柱。学习这些词根，你能在遇到陌生词汇时当场推断出意思。下表收集了 WJEC 生物考试中出现频率最高的前缀与后缀。
| Affix | Meaning | Example | 中文含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| cyto- | cell | cytoplasm | 细胞 |
| chloro- | green | chlorophyll | 叶绿 |
| mito- | thread | mitosis | 有丝（线状） |
| hyper- | above / excess | hypertonic | 高 / 过多 |
| hypo- | below / deficient | hypotonic | 低 / 不足 |
| homeo- | same / steady | homeostasis | 恒定 |
| bio- | life | biology | 生命 |
| -ology | study of | biology | 学科 |
| -ase | enzyme | amylase | 酶 |
| -ose | sugar | glucose | 糖 |
| photo- | light | photosynthesis | 光 |
| syn- | together | synthesis | 综合 / 一起 |
The table shows that once you know 'hyper' means 'above', you can instantly interpret 'hypertonic' as 'having a higher solute concentration'. Practise mentally breaking terms into their parts before checking the definition.
上表表明，一旦你知道 “hyper” 意为“高于”，就能立刻解释 “hypertonic” 为“具有较高溶质浓度”。在查看定义前，练习在心里将术语分解成各个组成部分。
3. Cell Structure & Microscopy Terms | 细胞结构与显微镜术语
Magnification and Resolution: Magnification is the number of times larger an image appears compared to the real object, while resolution is the ability to distinguish two close points as separate. Remember 'Magnification Makes an image bigger, Resolution Reveals detail'. The formula for magnification is (Size of image) ÷ (Actual size).
放大倍数与分辨率：放大倍数是指图像比实物放大的倍数，而分辨率则是区分两个靠近点的能力。记住：“Magnification 让图像更大，Resolution 揭示细节”。放大倍数公式为：图像大小 ÷ 实际大小。
Nucleus: Contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities. Think of the nucleus as the 'brain' or 'control centre' – 'nu-cle-us' sounds like 'new clues' that direct the cell.
细胞核：含有遗传物质 DNA，控制细胞活动。把细胞核想象成“大脑”或“控制中心”——“nucleus” 听起来像“新线索”，指引着细胞。
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion): The site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy. Picture 'mighty chondria' – mighty energy factories. The folded inner membrane (cristae) increases surface area for respiration.
线粒体：有氧呼吸的场所，释放能量。想象“强大的 chondria”——强大的能量工厂。折叠的内膜（嵴）增加了呼吸作用的表面积。
Ribosomes: Tiny structures that synthesise proteins. 'Ribosome' rhymes with 'ribbon' – proteins are like ribbons made of amino acid chains. They float in the cytoplasm or attach to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
核糖体：合成蛋白质的微小结构。“Ribosome” 与“ribbon”押韵——蛋白质就像是氨基酸链组成的丝带。它们漂浮在细胞质中或附着在粗面内质网上。
Chloroplast: Found in plant cells, contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis. 'Chloro-' (green) + 'plast' (body) – green bodies that capture light energy.
叶绿体：存在于植物细胞内，含有用于光合作用的叶绿素。“Chloro-”（绿）+“plast”（体）——捕捉光能的绿色小体。
4. Transport Across Membranes | 跨膜运输
Diffusion: The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient. Imagine the smell of perfume spreading from one corner to the whole room – no energy required.
扩散：粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，顺着浓度梯度进行。想象香水的气味从房间一角扩散到整个房间——无需能量。
Osmosis: The movement of water molecules from a dilute (high water potential) solution to a more concentrated (low water potential) solution through a partially permeable membrane. Use the mnemonic 'OSMOSIS: Only Solvent Moves Over Semi-permeable Into Solution'. Remember it is a special case of diffusion for water.
渗透：水分子通过部分透性膜，从稀溶液（高水势）向浓溶液（低水势）移动。使用记忆口诀：“OSMOSIS: Only Solvent Moves Over Semi-permeable Into Solution”。记住这是水的一种特殊扩散。
Active Transport: The movement of particles against a concentration gradient, using energy from respiration (ATP). 'Active' implies it needs energy, just like you need to be active to push a heavy load uphill. Carrier proteins in the membrane act as pumps.
主动运输：粒子逆浓度梯度的运动，利用呼吸作用产生的能量（ATP）。“Active”意味着需要能量，就像你需要用劲才能把重物推上山坡。膜上的载体蛋白充当泵的角色。
5. Enzymes & Digestion | 酶与消化
Enzyme: A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions without being used up. All enzymes are proteins and their names usually end in '-ase'. Think of an enzyme as a pair of 'ace' scissors that snip molecules apart or join them together at lightning speed.
酶：一种生物催化剂，能加速化学反应而本身不被消耗。所有酶都是蛋白质，其名称通常以“-ase”结尾。把酶想象成一把“王牌剪刀”，以闪电般的速度剪开或连接分子。
Active Site & Substrate: The substrate fits into the enzyme's active site like a key in a lock (lock and key model). If the active site shape is changed by high temperature or extreme pH, the enzyme denatures and can no longer bind the substrate.
活性位点与底物：底物嵌入酶的活性位点，就像钥匙插入锁孔（锁钥模型）。如果活性位点的形状因高温或极端 pH 而改变，酶就会变性，无法再与底物结合。
Digestive Enzymes: Amylase breaks down starch into maltose (produced in salivary glands and pancreas). Protease digests proteins into amino acids. Lipase splits fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Remember the organ rhymes: 'Amylase in saliva, Protease in stomach (pepsin), Lipase loves lipids'.
消化酶：淀粉酶将淀粉分解为麦芽糖（由唾液腺和胰腺分泌）。蛋白酶将蛋白质消化为氨基酸。脂肪酶将脂肪分解为脂肪酸和甘油。记住器官口诀：“唾液有淀粉酶，胃里有蛋白酶，脂肪酶喜爱脂质”。
6. Photosynthesis & Respiration | 光合作用与呼吸
Photosynthesis: The process by which plants produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water, using light energy. The word itself tells the story – 'photo' (light) + 'synthesis' (putting together). The balanced equation is:
光合作用：植物利用光能，将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。这个词本身就道出了故事——“photo”（光）+“synthesis”（合成）。平衡方程式如下：
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
A quick mnemonic to recall the equation: 'Six CO₂, Six H₂O, makes sugar (glucose) and O₂'. Remember that light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in chloroplasts.
快速记忆方程式的口诀：“六个 CO₂，六个 H₂O，变成糖和 O₂”。记住光能被叶绿体中的叶绿素吸收。
Aerobic Respiration ease a large amount of energy. Equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+ ATP energy). Think 'with oxygen' – 'aero' means air. The process occurs in mitochondria.
有氧呼吸：葡萄糖被完全分解，释放大量能量。方程式：C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O（+ ATP 能量）。想想“有氧”——“aero”意为空气。该过程发生在线粒体中。
Anaerobic Respiration: Partial breakdown of glucose without oxygen, producing less energy and lactic acid in animals (or ethanol and CO₂ in yeast). Muscles respire anaerobically during vigorous exercise, leading to oxygen debt. Keyword 'an-aerobic' – 'without air'.
无氧呼吸：在无氧条件下葡萄糖的不完全分解，产生较少能量和乳酸（动物），或乙醇和二氧化碳（酵母）。剧烈运动时肌肉进行无氧呼吸，导致氧债。关键词“an-aerobic”——“没有空气”。
7. Genetics & Inheritance | 遗传与遗传学
Gene and Allele: A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein. An allele is a different version of the same gene. Think of a gene as a 'recipe' for a trait, and alleles as 'variations' – like chocolate chip cookie recipe vs plain cookie recipe.
基因与等位基因：基因是编码特定蛋白质的一段 DNA。等位基因是同一基因的不同版本。把基因想象成性状的“食谱”，等位基因则是“变种”——如同巧克力曲奇食谱和原味曲奇食谱的区别。
Homozygous and Heterozygous: 'Homo' means same, 'hetero' (e.g. BB or bb), it is homozygous. Two different alleles (Bb) make it heterozygous. Think 'homo = same, hetero = different' forever.
纯合与杂合：“Homo”意为相同，“hetero”意为不同。如果生物体对某性状有两个相同的等位基因（如 BB 或 bb），即为纯合。两个不同的等位基因（Bb）即为杂合。永远记住“homo = 同，hetero = 异”。
Genotype vs Phenotype: Genotype is the genetic makeup (the alleles present), phenotype is the observable characteristic. 'Geno' like 'genes', 'pheno' like 'photo' – what you can see. A plant with genotype TT or Tt might have the phenotype 'tall'.
基因型与表现型：基因型是遗传组成（即拥有的等位基因），表现型是可观察到的特征。“Geno”类似“基因”，“pheno”类似“现象”——你能看到的东西。基因型为 TT 或 Tt 的植株，其表现型可能是“高”。
Dominant and Recessive: A dominant allele (represented by a capital letter, e.g. A) is always expressed if present. A recessive allele (lowercase a) is only expressed when homozygous (aa). 'Dominant dominates, recessive retreats'.
显性与隐性：显性等位基因（大写字母表示，如 A）只要存在就会表现出来。隐性等位基因（小写 a）只有在纯合（aa）时才会表达。“显性主导一切，隐性悄悄躲藏”。
8. Evolution & Classification | 进化与分类
Natural Selection: The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce, passing on advantageous alleles. Summarise as 'Variation, Inheritance, Selection, Time – VIST'. Over many generations, the frequency of favourable alleles increases.
自然选择：更能适应环境的生物得以生存并繁殖，将有利的等位基因传递下去的过程。概括为“变异、遗传、选择、时间——VIST”。经过许多代，有利等位基因的频率会增加。
Speciation: The formation of a new species when populations of the same species become reproductively isolated. 'Speci-' relates to species, '-ation' means process. Isolation can be geographical, leading to divergent evolution.
物种形成：同一物种的不同种群因生殖隔离而形成新物种的过程。“Speci-”与物种有关，“-ation”表示过程。隔离可以是地理上的，从而导致趋异进化。
Binomial Naming System: Every species is given a two-part Latin name – genus (capitalised) and species (lowercase), e.g. Homo sapiens. Underline or italicise when writing. It's like a surname (genus) and first name (species).
双名命名法：每个物种都被赋予一个由两部分组成的拉丁名——属名（大写）和种名（小写），例如 Homo sapiens。书写时加下划线或用斜体。它就像是姓（属）和名（种）。
Classification Hierarchy: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. The classic mnemonic: 'King Philip Came Over For Good Soup'. Another: 'Keep Ponds Clean Or Frogs Get Sick'. This hierarchy groups organisms based on shared characteristics.
分类等级：界、门、纲、目、科、属、种。经典口诀：“King Philip Came Over For Good Soup” 或 “Keep Ponds Clean Or Frogs Get Sick”。这个等级体系根据共同特征将生物归类。
9. Ecosystems & Nutrient Cycles | 生态系统与养分循环
Ecosystem Terms living together. An ecosystem includes the community plus abiotic factors (non-living things like temperature, water). Think: 'Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem' – each level adds more.
生态学术语：栖息地是生物居住的地方。种群是同一物种在某个栖息地中的所有个体。群落是共同生活的所有不同物种的种群。生态系统则包括群落加上非生物因素（如温度、水等非生物）。想想：“生物体→种群→群落→生态系统”——每个层级包含更多。
Abiotic and Biotic Factors: 'A-' means without, 'bio' sity, pH, temperature). Biotic factors are living (predation, competition, disease). Link: 'Abiotic = not alive, Biotic = living'.
非生物因素与生物因素 Published by TutorHao | Year 11 Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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