📚 Year 12 AQA Spanish: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorization Guide | AQA 西班牙语：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the core terminology of Spanish grammar and exam rubrics is essential for success at Year 12 AQA. This guide breaks down key terms into bite-sized, memorable explanations, pairing each concept with practical tips so you can recall them instantly during reading, writing, listening and speaking tasks. Whether you are revising for mocks or building a strong foundation for Year 13, these terms will help you decode questions and express yourself more accurately.
掌握西班牙语语法和考试题目的核心术语是 AQA Year 12 成功的关键。本指南将核心术语拆解成易消化、易记忆的讲解，每个概念都配有实用诀窍，让你在阅读、写作、听力和口语任务中能够迅速回想起来。无论你是为模拟考复习，还是为 Year 13 打好基础，这些术语都能帮助你更准确地解读题目、表达想法。
1. Gender of Nouns | 名词的性别
All Spanish nouns have a grammatical gender: masculine or feminine. Masculine nouns often end in -o (el libro) and feminine nouns often end in -a (la casa). However, many exceptions exist, such as el día (day) and la mano (hand). A quick way to remember is that words ending in -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad, -umbre are almost always feminine.
所有西班牙语名词都有语法性别：阳性或阴性。阳性名词常以 -o 结尾（如 el libro），阴性名词常以 -a 结尾（如 la casa）。但也有许多例外，如 el día（白天）和 la mano（手）。一个记忆捷径：以 -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad, -umbre 结尾的词几乎都是阴性。
Articles and adjectives must agree with the noun's gender. For instance, 'a red book' is 'un libro rojo' but 'a red house' is 'una casa roja'. Creating visual flashcards with colour-coded genders (blue for masculine, pink for feminine) can reinforce this pattern.
冠词和形容词必须与名词的性别配合。例如，“一本红色的书”是“un libro rojo”，但“一栋红色的房子”是“una casa roja”。用颜色编码制作闪卡（蓝色代表阳性，粉色代表阴性）可以强化这个规律。
2. Definite and Indefinite Articles | 定冠词和不定冠词
The definite articles (the) are el, la, los, las. They refer to specific items already known to the listener. The indefinite articles (a, an, some) are un, una, unos, unas. Memorize them in pairs: el / un (masculine singular), la / una (feminine singular), los / unos (masculine plural), las / unas (feminine plural).
定冠词（相当于英语的 the）是 el, la, los, las，指听者已知的特定事物。不定冠词（相当于 a, an, some）是 un, una, unos, unas。成对记忆：el / un（阳性单数），la / una（阴性单数），los / unos（阳性复数），las / unas（阴性复数）。
Note that there is a neuter article 'lo', used with adjectives or adverbs to express abstract ideas, like 'lo bueno' (the good thing) or 'lo importante' (the important thing). It never accompanies a noun.
注意有一个中性冠词“lo”，与形容词或副词连用，表示抽象概念，如“lo bueno”（好的东西）或“lo importante”（重要的事）。它从不与名词搭配。
3. Verb Conjugation Basics | 动词变位基础
Spanish verbs are classified into three conjugations: -ar (hablar), -er (comer), -ir (vivir). The infinitive is the base form. A 'conjugated' verb changes its ending to match the subject (yo, tú, él/ella/usted, nosotros, vosotros, ellos/ellas/ustedes). The pattern of these endings varies by tense and mood.
西班牙语动词分为三类变位：以 -ar 结尾（如 hablar）、以 -er 结尾（如 comer）、以 -ir 结尾（如 vivir）。动词原形是基础形式。“变位”后的动词会根据主语（我、你、他/她/您、我们、你们、他们/她们/诸位）改变词尾。这些词尾变化模式因时态和语气而异。
To memorise the concept, think of the infinitive as a stem that you take off the -ar, -er, or -ir, and then you add the appropriate ending. For regular -ar verbs in the present tense: yo hablo, tú hablas, él habla, nosotros hablamos, vosotros habláis, ellos hablan. Practise with a verb wheel or app drills daily.
为方便记忆，可以把动词原形看作一个词干，把 -ar, -er, -ir 去掉，然后加上对应的词尾。以规则 -ar 动词的现在时为例：yo hablo, tú hablas, él habla, nosotros hablamos, vosotros habláis, ellos hablan。可以每天用动词转盘或手机应用进行练习。
4. Present Indicative | 陈述式现在时
se you learn and forms the basis for many other tenses. Key endings: -ar → o, as, a, amos, áis, an; -er → o, es, e, emos, éis, en; -ir → o, es, e, imos, ís, en.
陈述式现在时（el presente de indicativo）描述正在发生的动作、习惯性动作或普遍事实。这是你最先学习的时态，也是许多其他时态的基础。关键词尾：-ar → o, as, a, amos, áis, an；-er → o, es, e, emos, éis, en；-ir → o, es, e, imos, ís, en。
igh-frequency irregulars like ser, estar, ir, tener need to be memorized by heart. Use rhythm chants: 'soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son' can be sung to a simple tune.
现在时不规则动词通常会影响词干，例如 e→ie（pensar → pienso）或 o→ue（dormir → duermo）。像 ser, estar, ir, tener 这样的高频不规则动词需要死记硬背。可以使用节奏吟唱：把“soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son”配上简单的曲调来唱。
5. Preterite vs Imperfect | 简单过去时与过去未完成时
These two past tenses are a major focus at Year 12. The preterite (pretérito) expresses completed actions at a specific point in time: 'Ayer hablé con mi amigo'. The imperfect (imperfecto) describes ongoing, habitual, or descriptive past actions: 'Cuando era niño, jugaba en el parque'.
这两种过去时是 Year 12 的重点。简单过去时（pretérito）表示在特定时间点完成的动作：“Ayer hablé con mi amigo”（昨天我和朋友通了话）。过去未完成时（imperfecto）描述过去持续、习惯性或描述性的动作：“Cuando era niño, jugaba en el parque”（我小的时候，常在公园玩）。
A useful mnemonic: Preterite is a 'snapshot' (completed), imperfect is a 'video' (ongoing). Trigger words help: ayer, anoche, el año pasado signal preterite; siempre, todos los días, de niño signal imperfect. Regular preterite endings: -ar → é, aste, ó, amos, asteis, aron; -er/-ir → í, iste, ió, imos, isteis, ieron.
一个实用的记忆法：简单过去时是“快照”（完成了），过去未完成时是“视频”（正在持续）。提示词很有用：ayer, anoche, el año pasado 提示用简单过去时；siempre, todos los días, de niño 提示用过去未完成时。规则动词简单过去时的词尾：-ar → é, aste, ó, amos, asteis, aron；-er/-ir → í, iste, ió, imos, isteis, ieron。
6. Future and Conditional | 将来时和条件式
The simple future (futuro simple) is formed by adding endings directly to the infinitive: hablaré, hablarás, hablará, hablaremos, hablaréis, hablarán. It expresses future actions or probability in the present: 'Serán las diez' (It's probably ten o'clock). The conditional (condicional simple) uses the same stem but with endings ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían. It expresses 'would' or polite requests: 'Me gustaría un café'.
简单将来时（futuro simple）是直接在动词原形后加词尾构成的：hablaré, hablarás, hablará, hablaremos, hablaréis, hablarán。它表示将来动作或现在的推测：“Serán las diez”（大概是十点钟了）。条件式（condicional simple）使用相同词干，但词尾为 ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían。它表示“将会”或委婉请求：“Me gustaría un café”（我想要一杯咖啡）。
To avoid confusion, note that the future and conditional share the same irregular stems for verbs like tener (tendr-), poner (pondr-), salir (saldr-). Learn the stem and you get two tenses for one. Imagine you are attaching a 'would' tail or a 'will' hat to the infinitive.
为避免混淆，请注意将来时和条件式在一些动词中共享相同的不规则词干，如 tener (tendr-), poner (pondr-), salir (saldr-)。学会词干，你就能掌握两种时态。可以想象给动词原形加上“would”的尾巴或“will”的帽子。
7. Introduction to Subjunctive | 虚拟式入门
The subjunctive mood (subjuntivo) expresses doubt, desire, emotion, necessity, or speculation. It is not a tense but a mood that appears in various tenses. In Year 12, the present subjunctive is introduced. It is often found in subordinate clauses after 'que' when the main clause contains a WEIRDO trigger: Wishes, Emotions, Impersonal expressions, Recommendations, Doubt/denial, Ojalá.
虚拟语气（subjuntivo）表达怀疑、愿望、情感、必要性或推测。它不是时态，而是一种语气，出现在不同时态中。Year 12 主要引入虚拟式现在时。它通常出现在“que”引导的从句中，且主句包含 WEIRDO 触发词：愿望（Wishes）、情感（Emotions）、非人称表达（Impersonal expressions）、建议（Recommendations）、怀疑/否定（Doubt/denial）、Ojalá（但愿）。
Forming the present subjunctive: take the 'yo' ive, drop the -o, and add opposite vowel endings: for -ar verbs, use -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en; for -er/-ir verbs, use -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an. Example: hablar → hable, hables, hable, hablemos, habléis, hablen.
虚拟式现在时的构成：取陈述式现在时“yo”的形式，去掉 -o，然后加上相反的元音词尾：-ar 动词用 -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en；-er/-ir 动词用 -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an。例如：hablar → hable, hables, hable, hablemos, habléis, hablen。
8. Imperative Mood | 命令式
The imperative (imperativo) is used to give commands or instructions. In Year 12, you need both affirmative and negative commands, as well as formal (usted/ustedes) and informal (tú/vosotros) forms. For affirmative tú, simply use the third-person singular present indicative: ¡Habla! (Speak!). For negative tú, use the tú form of the present subjunctive: ¡No hables! The formal usted command uses the present subjunctive form: ¡Hable! / ¡No hable!
命令式（imperativo）用来下达命令或指示。Year 12 需要掌握肯定和否定命令，以及礼貌式（usted/ustedes）和非正式式（tú/vosotros）形式。肯定 tú 命令直接用陈述式现在时第三人称单数：¡Habla!（说！）。否定 tú 命令用虚拟式现在时的 tú 形式：¡No hables! 礼貌式 usted 命令用虚拟式现在时：¡Hable! / ¡No hable!
Irregular affirmative tú commands are few but frequent: di (decir), haz (hacer), ve (ir), pon (poner), sal (salir), sé (ser), ten (tener), ven (venir). A mnemonic: 'Vin Diesel Has Ten Weapons, Eh?' (Ven, Di, Sal, Haz, Ten, Ve, Pon, Sé). For vosotros affirmative, simply replace the final -r of the infinitive with -d: hablad, comed, vivid. Negative vosotros uses the subjunctive: no habléis.
少数几个不规则肯定 tú 命令虽少但很常用：di (decir), haz (hacer), ve (ir), pon (poner), sal (salir), sé (ser), ten (tener), ven (venir)。记忆口诀：“Vin Diesel Has Ten Weapons, Eh?” (Ven, Di, Sal, Haz, Ten, Ve, Pon, Sé)。肯定 vosotros 命令只需将动词原形末尾的 -r 换成 -d：hablad, comed, vivid。否定 vosotros 则用虚拟式：no habléis。
9. Adjectives and Adverbs | 形容词和副词
Adjectives in Spanish agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. Most adjectives ending in -o change to -a for feminine, and add -s or -es for plural: alto/alta/altos/altas. Adjectives ending in -e or a consonant usually have only singular and plural forms: inteligente/inteligentes, azul/azules.
西班牙语形容词需与所修饰名词的性和数保持一致。大多数以 -o 结尾的形容词，阴性改为 -a，复数加 -s 或 -es：alto/alta/altos/altas。以 -e 或辅音结尾的形容词通常只有单复数变化：inteligente/inteligentes, azul/azules。
bs (adverbios) often end in -mente, added to the feminine singular form of an adjective: rápida → rápidamente, fácil → fá verbs are: muy (very), bastante (quite), demasiado (too), siempre (always), nunca (never).
副词（adverbios）通常以 -mente 结尾，加在形容词的阴性单数形式后：rápida → rápidamente, fácil → fácilmente。副词没有性数变化，形式永远不变。一些高频副词：muy（很）、bastante（相当）、demasiado（太）、siempre（总是）、nunca（从不）。
10. Pronouns System | 代词系统
Spanish pronouns replace nouns to avoid repetition. Key types include subject pronouns (yo, tú, él...), direct object pronouns (me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las), indirect object pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les), and reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, os, se). Placement rules: usually before a conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive/gerund.
西班牙语代词代替名词以避免重复。主要类型包括主语代词（yo, tú, él...）、直接宾语代词（me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las）、间接宾语代词（me, te, le, nos, os, les）和反身代词（me, te, se, nos, os, se）。位置规则：通常放在变位动词之前，或连在动词原形/副动词之后。
When using both direct and indirect object pronouns, the indirect comes first: 'Te lo doy' (I give it to you). The 'le/les' changes to 'se' before lo/la/los/las: 'Se lo explico' (I explain it to him/her). Memorise the order: RID (Reflexive, Indirect, Direct). Practice with sentence building: 'Me lo compra' (He buys it for me).
当同时使用直接和间接宾语代词时，间接在前：“Te lo doy”（我把它给你）。在 lo/la/los/las 前面，le/les 要变成 se：“Se lo explico”（我向他解释它）。记住顺序：RID（反身、间接、直接）。用造句练习：“Me lo compra”（他买给我）。
11. Ser and Estar | Ser 和 Estar 的区分
Both mean 'to be', but ser is used for permanent characteristics, origin, time, and relationships, while estar is for temporary states, location, and ongoing actions. A classic acronym: DOCTOR (Description, Occupation, Characteristic, Time, Origin, Relationship) for ser; PLACE (Position, Location, Action, Condition, Emotion) for estar.
两者都表示“是/在”，但 ser 用于永久特征、出处、时间和关系，而 estar 用于暂时状态、位置和正在进行的动作。经典记忆法：DOCTOR（描述、职业、特征、时间、出处、关系）对应 ser；PLACE（位置、地点、动作、状况、情绪）对应 estar。
Some adjectives change meaning depending on the verb: 'ser aburrido' (to be boring) vs 'estar aburrido' (to be bored); 'ser listo' (to be clever) vs 'estar listo' (to be ready). Create sentence pairs to contrast them and highlight the change in meaning.
有些形容词与不同动词连用时意义会改变：“ser aburrido”（无聊的人）与“estar aburrido”（感到无聊）；“ser listo”（聪明）与“estar listo”（准备好了）。可以制作成对的句子对比，突出意义变化。
12. Exam Terminology | 考试相关术语
AQA exam papers use specific Spanish instruction words that you must recognise instantly. Common ones: 'Lee el texto' (Read the text), 'Escucha la grabación' (Listen to the recording), 'Escribe la letra correcta' (Write the correct letter), 'Completa las frases' (Complete the sentences), 'Contesta a las preguntas' (Answer the questions), 'Elige la opción correcta' (Choose the correct option), 'Indica si es verdadero o falso' (Indicate if it is true or false).
AQA 试卷使用特定的西班牙语指令词，你必须能瞬间识别。常见的有：“Lee el texto”（阅读文本）、“Escucha la grabación”（听录音）、“Escribe la letra correcta”（写出正确字母）、“Completa las frases”（完成句子）、“Contesta a las preguntas”（回答问题）、“Elige la opción correcta”（选择正确选项）、“Indica si es verdadero o falso”（指出是真是假）。
Also know phrases like 'Según el texto' (According to the text), 'Menciona dos detalles' (Mention two details), 'Resume en tus propias palabras' (Summarize in your own words), '¿Qué significa...?' (What does ... mean?). Keep a laminated card with these terms in your revision folder and test yourself before every lesson.
还要知道诸如“Según el texto”（根据文本）、“Menciona dos detalles”（提到两个细节）、“Resume en tus propias palabras”（用你自己的话总结）、“¿Qué significa...?”（……是什么意思？）等短语。在复习文件夹里放一张过塑卡片，写上这些术语，每节课前自测。
Published by TutorHao | Spanish Revision Series | aleveler.com
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