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Year 12 AQA Spanish: Grammar & Structures Quick Reference Handbook | AQA 西班牙语语法结构速查手册

2026-07-21 13:35 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Year 12 AQA Spanish: Grammar & Structures Quick Reference Handbook | AQA 西班牙语语法结构速查手册

This quick reference handbook covers the essential grammar rules, verb conjugations, and sentence structures you need to master for the Year 12 AQA Spanish course. Use it to revise key patterns and apply them accurately in speaking and writing. Each section presents a clear 'formula' followed by illustrative examples, helping you internalise the logic of the language.

本速查手册涵盖了 AQA 西班牙语 Year 12 课程必须掌握的核心语法规则、动词变位和句型结构。你可以用它来复习关键模式,并在口语和写作中准确运用。每个小节都以清晰的"公式"呈现,并配有示例,帮助你内化语言的逻辑。

1. Present Tense Regular Verbs | 现在时规则动词变位

For regular -ar verbs, remove the -ar and add: -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an. For -er verbs, add: -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en. For -ir verbs, add: -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en.

规则 -ar 动词去掉词尾 -ar,加上:-o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an。-er 动词加上:-o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en。-ir 动词加上:-o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en。

Examples / 例子:


2. Present Tense Irregular Verbs | 现在时不规则动词

Some frequently used verbs are irregular in the present tense and must be memorised. Common patterns include stem-changing (e>ie, o>ue, e>i) and completely irregular forms.

一些高频动词的现在时变位不规则,需要牢记。常见模式包括词干元音变化(e>ie, o>ue, e>i)以及完全不规则的形式。

Key irregular verbs / 关键不规则动词:


3. Present Continuous (Estar + Gerund) | 现在进行时(estar + 副动词)

Formula: estar (conjugated) + gerund. For -ar verbs, gerund ends in -ando; for -er/-ir verbs, it ends in -iendo.

公式:estar(变位)+ 副动词。-ar 动词副动词以 -ando 结尾;-er/-ir 动词以 -iendo 结尾。

Examples / 例子:

verbs also change in the gerund: dormir → durmiendo, pedir → pidiendo, sentir → sintiendo.

一些 -ir 词干变化动词的副动词也会变化:dormir → durmiendo, pedir → pidiendo, sentir → sintiendo。


4. Preterite (Simple Past) Regular Forms | 简单过去时规则变位

Formula for regular verbs: -ar verbs take endings -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron. -er/-ir verbs take -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron.

规则动词公式:-ar 动词词尾为 -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron。-er/-ir 动词为 -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron。

Examples / 例子:

Note the accent on the first and third person singular. / 注意第一和第三人称单数的重音符号。


5. Preterite Irregular Verbs | 简单过去时不规则动词

Many common verbs have irregular stems and a different set of endings: -e, -iste, -o, -imos, -isteis, -ieron (no accents). Key verbs include hacer, querer, venir, poder, poner, saber, estar, tener, andar, decir, traer.

许多常用动词有不规则词干和另一套词尾:-e, -iste, -o, -imos, -isteis, -ieron(无重音)。关键动词包括 hacer, querer, venir, poder, poner, saber, estar, tener, andar, decir, traer。

Examples / 例子:

note stem-changing -ir verbs that change only in the third person (e>i, o>u): pedir → pidió, pidieron; dormir → durmió, durmieron.

还要注意只第三人称变化的 -ir 词干动词(e>i, o>u):pedir → pidió, pidieron;dormir → durmió, durmieron。


6. Imperfect Tense | 未完成过去时

Formula: -ar verbs: -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban. / -er/-ir verbs: -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían.

公式:-ar 动词:-aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban。/-er/-ir 动词:-ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían。

Only three irregulars: ir (iba, ibas...), ser (era, eras...), ver (veía, veías...). / 只有三个不规则动词:ir, ser, ver。


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7. Preterite vs Imperfect | 简单过去时与未完成过去时的区别

Use the preterite for completed actions in the past, actions with a clear beginning/end, or a sequence of events. Use the imperfect for descriptions, habitual actions, ongoing past actions (without a specified end), and to express time, weather, age in the past.

简单过去时用于过去完成的动作、有明确起止的动作或一系列事件。未完成过去时用于描写、习惯性动作、持续未完成的过去动作,以及过去的时间、天气、年龄等。

Contrast / 对比:


8. Future and Conditional Tenses | 将来时和条件式

Future tense formula: infinitive + endings (-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án). Conditional formula: infinitive + endings (-ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -í itional: tener → tendr-, salir → saldr-, poner → pondr-, hacer → har-, poder → podr-, etc.

将来时公式:动词不定式 + 词尾(-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án)。条件式公式:不定式 + 词尾(-ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían)。将来时和条件式使用相同的不规则词干:tener → tendr-, salir → saldr-, poner → pondr-, hacer → har-, poder → podr- 等。

Examples / 例子:


9. Present Subjunctive Formation | 虚拟式现在时的构成

Formula: take the yo form of the present indicative, drop the -o, and add opposite vowel endings: for -ar verbs: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en; for -er/-ir verbs: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an.

公式:取现在时陈述式的 yo 形,去掉 -o,加上相反韵尾:-ar 动词加 -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en;-er/-ir 动词加 -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an。

Examples / 例子:

Common irregulars: ser → sea, estar → esté pa, haber → haya. Stem-changing verbs maintain the change inside their familiar pattern. / 常见不规则动词:ser → sea, estar → esté, ir → vaya, saber → sepa, haber → haya。词干变化动词保持其原有变化模式。


10. When to Use the Subjunctive | 何时使用虚拟式

The subjunctive appears in subordinate clauses after certain triggers: expressions of desire, doubt, emotion, denial, possibility, and after certain conjunctions (para que, antes de que, a menos que, etc.). It is almost always introduced by 'que'.

虚拟式出现在特定触发词引导的从句中:表示愿望、怀疑、情感、否定、可能性,以及在某些连词之后(para que, antes de que, a menos que 等)。它几乎总是由 'que' 引导。

Key triggers / 关键触发词:


11. Formal and Informal Commands (Imperative) | 正式与非正式命令式

Affirmative tú commands: use the 3rd person singular of the present indicative (habla, come, vive). Negative tú commands: no + present subjunctive tú form (no hables, no comas, no vivas). Usted commands: use the 3rd person singular subjunctive (hable, coma, viva) for both affirmative and negative.

肯定 tú 命令式:使用现在时陈述式第三人称单数(habla, come, vive)。否定 tú 命令式:no + 虚拟式 tú 形(no hables, no comas, no vivas)。Usted 命令式:肯定和否定都使用虚拟式第三人称单数(hable, coma, viva)。

Examples / 例子:

Irregular tú affirmatives: di (decir), haz (hacer), ve (ir), pon (poner), sal (salir), sé (ser), ten (tener), ven (venir). / 不规则 tú 肯定命令式:di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven。


12. Key Pronouns and Word Order | 关键代词与语序

Direct object pronouns (me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las) and indirect object pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les) usually go before a conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive/gerund/imperative. When both are used, the indirect comes first, and 'le/les' changes to 'se' before 'lo/la/los/las'.

直接宾语代词(me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las)和间接宾语代词(me, te, le, nos, os, les)通常放在变位动词前,或附在不定式/副动词/命令式后。两者同时使用时,间接宾语在前,且 'le/les' 在 'lo/la/los/las' 前变成 'se'。

Examples / 例子:

Published by TutorHao | AQA Spanish Revision Series | aleveler.com

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