📚 Year 11 WJEC Physics: Essential Terminology Memory Booster | Year 11 WJEC 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the precise language of physics is one of the most effective ways to boost your WJEC Year 11 exam performance. This guide condenses the essential terminology from every major topic into clear definitions, illustrative examples, and memorable comparisons. Use it alongside your class notes to deepen your understanding and sharpen your answer technique.
掌握物理学科的精确语言是提升 WJEC 十一年级考试成绩的最有效方法之一。本指南将每个主要课题的基本术语浓缩成清晰的定义、说明性示例和易于记忆的对比。与课堂笔记配合使用，可加深理解并磨练答题技巧。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Scalar quantities have magnitude only; examples include distance, speed, mass, and energy. Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction, such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force. Always check whether a question requires a direction to decide if you need a vector.
标量只有大小，例如距离、速率、质量和能量。矢量既有大小又有方向，如位移、速度、加速度和力。遇到问题时请先判断是否需要方向，以确定是否采用矢量。
Speed is the rate at which distance is covered: speed = distance / time (m/s). Velocity is the rate of change of displacement, so it must include a direction. Acceleration describes how quickly velocity changes: a = (v - u) / t (m/s²), where u is initial velocity and v is final velocity.
速率是距离随时间变化的快慢：速率 = 距离 / 时间（m/s）。速度是位移随时间的变化率，因此必须包含方向。加速度描述速度变化的快慢：a = (v - u) / t（m/s²），其中 u 为初速度，v 为末速度。
Newton's First Law states that an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a resultant force. Newton's Second Law links resultant force, mass and acceleration: F = m a (N). Newton's Third Law states that if body A exerts a force on body B, B exerts an equal and opposite force on A.
牛顿第一定律指出，除非受到合外力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。牛顿第二定律将合外力、质量和加速度联系起来：F = m a（N）。牛顿第三定律表明，若物体 A 对物体 B 施加力，则 B 同时对 A 施加大小相等、方向相反的力。
Weight is the gravitational force on an object and is given by W = m g, where g ≈ 9.8 N/kg on Earth. Momentum is defined as p = m v (kg m/s) and is conserved in collisions as long as no external forces act.
重量是作用在物体上的重力，公式为 W = m g，地球表面 g ≈ 9.8 N/kg。动量定义为 p = m v（kg m/s），在没有外力作用的碰撞过程中守恒。
2. Energy and Work | 能量与功
Work done by a force is W = F d (J) when the force and displacement are in the same direction. Energy is the capacity to do work and is transferred between stores such as kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, and thermal stores.
当力与位移方向相同时，力做的功为 W = F d（J）。能量是做功的本领，可在不同储能库之间传递，如动能、重力势能、弹性势能和热储能。
Kinetic energy depends on mass and speed: KE = ½ m v². Gravitational potential energy is given by GPE = m g h, where h is the vertical height above a reference level. Elastic potential energy stored in a stretched spring is Ee = ½ k x² (k = spring constant, x = extension).
动能取决于质量和速度：KE = ½ m v²。重力势能公式为 GPE = m g h，其中 h 是相对于参考平面的竖直高度。被拉伸的弹簧储存的弹性势能为 Ee = ½ k x²（k 为劲度系数，x 为伸长量）。
Power is the rate of doing work or transferring energy: P = W / t or P = E / t (W). Efficiency compares useful output energy (or power) to total input: Efficiency = (useful output / total input) × 100%. No system can exceed 100% efficiency.
功率是做功或传递能量的速率：P = W / t 或 P = E / t（W）。效率比较有用输出能量（或功率）与总输入能量：效率 =（有用输出 / 总输入）× 100%。任何系统的效率都不会超过 100%。
3. Waves | 波
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. The amplitude is the maximum displacement from the undisturbed position. Wavelength (λ) is the distance between two consecutive points in phase. Frequency (f) is the number of complete waves per second (Hz), and the period (T) is the time for one complete wave: T = 1 / f.
波传递能量而不传递物质。振幅是偏离平衡位置的最大位移。波长（λ）是两个相邻同相点之间的距离。频率（f）是每秒完整波的数量（Hz），周期（T）是传播一个完整波所需的时间：T = 1 / f。
The wave equation relates speed, frequency, and wavelength:
v = f λ
(m/s). Transverse waves (e.g. light, water ripples) oscillate perpendicular to energy transfer; longitudinal waves (e.g. sound, P-waves) oscillate parallel.波速方程将波速、频率和波长联系起来：v = f λ（m/s）。横波（如光、水波）振动方向与能量传递方向垂直；纵波（如声波、P 波）振动方向与能量传递方向平行。
All waves can undergo reflection, refraction, and diffraction. The electromagnetic spectrum, in order of increasing frequency (decreasing wavelength), is: radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma. Each has distinct properties and applications.
所有波都会发生反射、折射和衍射。电磁波谱按频率递增（波长递减）的顺序为：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。每种波均有独特的性质和应用。
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