📚 Year 11 CIE Engineering: Vocabulary and Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 11 CIE 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the precise vocabulary of engineering is a key step to scoring top marks in your CIE IGCSE exams. This memorisation guide breaks down complex terminology into manageable chunks, linking each term to a simple mnemonic or real-world application.
掌握工程学精确的词汇是在 CIE IGCSE 考试中取得高分的关键一步。本记忆指南将复杂的术语分解成易于掌握的片段，将每个术语与简单的助记符或实际应用联系起来。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与性质
Material properties dictate how a substance behaves under load, heat or chemical attack. Remembering these terms helps you choose the right material for any design problem.
材料性质决定了物质在载荷、热量或化学侵蚀下的行为。牢记这些术语有助于您为任何设计问题选择合适的材料。
Tensile Strength – ximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before fracturing. Memory tip: 'Tensile = tension', picture a rope pulled tight; high tensile steel stops bridges from snapping.
抗拉强度 – 材料在被拉伸至断裂前所能承受的最大应力。记忆提示：想想拉紧的绳子，高强度钢能防止桥梁断裂。
Compressive Strength – ability to resist crushing or squashing. 'Compress' means press together; concrete is strong in compression, which is why it’s used for foundations.
抗压强度 – 抵抗压碎或挤扁的能力。“压缩”就是压在一起；混凝土抗压强度高，因此用于地基。
Ductility – how easily a material can be drawn into a wire without breaking. Think 'ductile' – a duct allows you to stretch the metal like plasticine; copper is highly ductile.
延展性 – 材料能够被拉成细丝而不断裂的容易程度。联想“duct”（管道）——你可以把金属像橡皮泥一样拉长；铜的延展性很好。
Hardness – resistance to surface indentation or scratching. Measured by the Mohs scale or Brinell test. Mnemonic: a diamond is hard to scratch – it's the hardest natural material.
硬度 – 抵抗表面压痕或划伤的能力。用莫氏硬度或布氏硬度测量。记忆：钻石很难刮花——它是自然界最硬的材料。
Toughness – the ability to absorb energy and deform plastically without fracturing. A tough material can take a hit; think of a 'tough' phone case that survives drops.
韧性 – 吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不断裂的能力。坚韧的材料能承受冲击；想象一个“耐摔”的手机壳。
Fatigue – weakening of a material caused by repeated loading and unloading cycles. Even if the load is small, cracks can grow. Mnemonic: metal gets 'tired' just like you do after repetitive work.
疲劳 – 材料在反复加卸载循环下逐渐弱化的现象。即使载荷很小，裂纹也会扩展。记忆：金属和您一样，在重复劳动后会“疲劳”。
2. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Production methods transform raw materials into finished components. Each process has a distinct mechanism – visualising them makes recall much easier.
各种生产方法将原材料转化为成品部件。每种工艺都有独特的机理——把它们的图像化会让回忆容易得多。
Casting – pouring molten metal into a mould and letting it solidify. Think of casting a spell that shapes liquid metal into a solid form. Sand casting and die casting are common.
铸造 – 将熔融金属倒入模具并让其凝固。想象用魔法将液态金属塑造成固体。砂型铸造和压铸很常见。
Forging – shaping metal using compressive forces, often while hot, through hammering or pressing. A blacksmith 'forges' a horsehoe – the metal grain flows, increasing strength.
锻造 – 在热态下通过锤击或冲压施加压缩力使金属成形。铁匠“锻造”马蹄铁，金属晶粒流动，强度提高。
Extrusion – forcing material through a shaped die to produce a long profile with constant cross-section. Like squeezing toothpaste from a tube, aluminium window frames are extruded.
挤压 – 将材料从一定形状的模具中推过，产生恒定截面的长条型材。就像挤牙膏一样，铝合金窗框就是挤压成型。
Welding – joining two pieces of metal by melting the parent materials together, often with a filler rod. High temperature fuses the joint; 'weld' binds them permanently.
焊接 – 通过熔化母材（常加焊条）把两件金属连接起来。高温将接头熔合，“焊接”使它们永久结合。
Brazing – a joining process where a filler metal (e.g. brass) melts above 450 °C and flows between close-fitting parts by capillary action. The base metal doesn’t melt. Think of 'braze' as soldering's hotter cousin.
钎焊 – 一种连接工艺，使用熔点高于450 °C的填充金属（如黄铜），通过毛细作用流入紧密配合的零件之间。母材不熔化。想象“钎焊”是焊接的更热表亲。
Soldering – joining components using a filler metal that melts below 450 °C, typically with a soldering iron. Used extensively in electronics. Low heat protects sensitive parts. Mnemonic: 'solder' for soft, lower-temperature joints.
软钎焊 – 使用熔点低于450 °C的填充金属（通常用烙铁）连接元件。广泛用于电子领域。低热保护敏感零件。记忆：“solder”是柔软的、低温的接头。
Machining – removing material from a workpiece using cutting tools, e.g. turning, milling, drilling. A lathe performs turning: the work rotates, the tool cuts. Visualise chips flying off.
切削加工 – 利用刀具从工件上去除材料，例如车削、铣削、钻削。车床进行车削：工件转动，刀具切削。想象切屑飞溅。
3. Mechanical Systems & Mechanisms | 机械系统与机构
Mechanisms change the magnitude, direction or type of motion. Knowing these building blocks enables you to analyse any machine.
机构改变运动的大小、方向或类型。了解这些基本构件能让您分析任何机器。
Lever – a rigid bar that pivots around a fixed fulcrum to amplify force. Class 1, 2 and 3 levers differ by the position of effort, load and fulcrum. Mnemonic: 'FLE 123' – Fulcrum, Load, Effort move from centre to end across the classes.
杠杆 – 绕固定支点转动的刚性杆，用以放大作用力。一类、二类和三类杠杆的区别在于施力点、负载和支点的位置。记忆：“FLE 123”——支点、负载、施力点在各类别中从中间向两端移动。
Gear – a toothed wheel that meshes with another to transmit rotary motion and torque. A small driver gear turning a larger driven gear reduces speed but increases torque. Think of bicycle gears: large to small for speed.
齿轮 – 带齿的轮子，与另一个齿轮啮合以传递旋转运动和扭矩。小主动轮带动大从动轮会降速增扭。想想自行车变速：大轮带小轮提速。
Pulley – a grooved wheel over which a rope or belt runs, used to change the direction of a force or to gain mechanical advantage. A block and tackle uses multiple pulleys. 'Pull' with ease.
滑轮 – 有槽的轮子，绳索或皮带在其上运行，用以改变力的方向或获得机械效益。滑轮组使用多个滑轮。轻松“pull”。
Cam and Follower – a rotating cam pushes a follower to convert rotary motion into reciprocating (up-and-down) movement. Seen in car engine valves. The cam's profile determines the follower's motion.
凸轮与从动件 – 旋转的凸轮推动从动件，将旋转运动转变为往复（上下）运动。见于汽车发动机气门。凸轮轮廓决定从动件的运动。
Linkage – a system of rods and pivots that creates a specific motion or force transmission. A four-bar linkage can change linear to rotary motion. Imagine a windscreen wiper mechanism.
连杆机构 – 由连杆和枢轴组成的系统，产生特定运动或力传递。四连杆机构可将直线运动变为旋转运动。想象雨刮器机构。
Sprocket and Chain – a chain wraps around toothed wheels (sprockets) to convey power without slip. Positive drive like in a motorbike or bicycle. The links engage firmly with the sprocket teeth.
链轮与链条 – 链条环绕在带齿的轮（链轮）上，无滑动地传递动力。如摩托车或自行车的正向传动。链节与链轮齿牢固啮合。
4. Electronics Fundamentals | 电子基础
Electronic components control current flow, store energy or process signals. Associate their symbols and functions with everyday analogies to lock them in memory.
电子元件控制电流、储存能量或处理信号。将它们的符号和功能与日常类比相联系，以牢牢记忆。
Resistor – a component that limits electric current. Measured in ohms (Ω). The colour bands indicate resistance value. Mnemonic: 'Resistor resists' like a narrow pipe restricts water flow.
电阻器 – 限制电流的元件。单位为欧姆（Ω）。色环表示阻值。记忆：“电阻器抵抗”就如细管道限制水流。
Capacitor – stores electrical charge temporarily and releases it when needed; used for smoothing and timing. Unit: farad (F). Think of a bucket storing and pouring out charge.
电容器 – 暂时储存电荷并在需要时释放；用于滤波和定时。单位：法拉（F）。想象一个储存并倒出电荷的水桶。
Diode – allows current to flow in one direction only, like a one-way valve. The arrow in the symbol points in the direction of conventional current. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emit light.
二极管 – 只允许电流单向流动，像个单向阀。符号中的箭头指向传统电流方向。发光二极管（LED）会发光。
Transistor – a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A small base current controls a larger collector-emitter current. Think of a tiny tap controlling a big water stream.
晶体管 – 用来放大或开关电子信号的半导体器件。微小的基极电流控制较大的集电极-发射极电流。想象一个小龙头控制大水流。
Thermistor – a temperature-dependent resistor; most are NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) – resistance falls as temperature rises. Used in thermostats. 'Therm' means heat.
热敏电阻 – 阻值随温度变化的电阻器；大多数是NTC（负温度系数）——温度升高电阻下降。用于恒温器。“Therm”指热。
LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) – its resistance decreases when light intensity increases. In the dark, resistance is high. Used in automatic street lights. 'Photo' means light, so it's a photo-resistor.
光敏电阻（LDR） – 光照增强时电阻下降。黑暗中阻值很高。用于路灯自动控制。“Photo”指光，所以是光敏电阻。
5. Control and Systems | 控制与系统
Control systems use inputs, processes and outputs, often with feedback, to maintain desired conditions. Grasping the block diagram terminology is exam gold.
控制系统利用输入、处理和输出，常带反馈，以维持期望的状态。掌握方框图的术语是考试得分的关键。
Open-loop System – a control system with no feedback loop; output has no influence on the control action. Example: a simple toaster timer. Set it and it runs regardless.
开环系统 – 没有反馈回路的控制系统；输出对控制动作无影响。例子：简易烤面包机定时器。设定后它自行运行，不管结果。
Closed-loop System – uses feedback to compare actual output with desired input and makes corrections automatically. More accurate. Example: a room thermostat adjusting the heater.
闭环系统 – 利用反馈比较实际输出与期望输入，并自动修正。更精确。例子：房间恒温器调节加热器。
Feedback – a signal from the output of a system that is fed back to the input to either reduce (negative feedback) or increase (positive feedback) the error. Negative feedback stabilises systems.
反馈 – 从系统输出端送回输入端的信号，用以减少（负反馈）或增加（正反馈）误差。负反馈使系统稳定。
Sensor – an input device that detects a physical quantity (temperature, light, pressure) and converts it into an electrical signal. A microphone is a sound sensor. 'Sense' what's around.
传感器 – 检测物理量（温度、光线、压力）并将其转换为电信号的输入设备。麦克风是声音传感器。“感知”周围。
Actuator – an output device that converts an electrical signal into physical action, e.g. motor, solenoid, buzzer. It 'acts' on the command from the controller.
执行器 – 将电信号转化为物理动作的输出设备，例如电机、电磁铁、蜂鸣器。它根据控制器的命令“执行”动作。
Microcontroller – a programmable integrated circuit that contains a processor, memory and input/output pins. It is the 'brain' of embedded systems like robotic arms or washing machines.
微控制器 – 包含处理器、存储器和输入/输出引脚的可编程集成电路。它是嵌入式设备（如机械臂、洗衣机）的“大脑
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