📚 AQA Psychology Year 12: Key Terms Memory Guide | AQA心理学 Year 12：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential revision companion for Year 12 AQA Psychology. This guide breaks down high-frequency terminology across every major topic, pairing each term with a crisp definition and a memory hook, visual cue, or analogy to lock it into your long-term memory. Whether you are prepping for end-of-topic tests or laying the foundation for the full A-Level, these bilingual explanations will help you navigate research methods, memory, attachment, social influence, psychopathology, approaches, biopsychology, easily confused terms, and proven memorisation hacks.
欢迎使用 Year 12 AQA 心理学的核心复习伴侣。本指南拆解了每个主要课题中的高频术语，为每个术语提供简洁定义，并配以记忆钩子、视觉提示或类比，帮助你将知识牢牢嵌入长时记忆。无论你是在准备单元测验，还是在为完整的 A-Level 打基础，这些中英双语解释都将助你驾驭研究方法、记忆、依恋、社会影响、心理病理学、心理学方法、生物心理学、易混淆术语以及行之有效的速记技巧。
1. Research Methods Key Terms | 研究方法关键术语
Independent Variable (IV) – the factor the researcher deliberately manipulates in an experiment. Think of it as the 'I change' variable; you control it to see what effect it has.
自变量 (IV) – 在实验中研究者有意操纵的变量。可以把它想象成“我改变”的变量；你通过控制它来观察其产生的影响。
Dependent Variable (DV) – the outcome that is measured; it 'depends' on the IV. Remember: DV = data you collect.
因变量 (DV) – 被测量的结果；它“取决于”自变量。记住：DV 就是你采集的数据。
Operationalisation – defining precisely how you will manipulate the IV and measure the DV so that the study is replicable. For instance, operationalising 'memory' as 'number of words recalled from a 20-word list after 30 seconds'.
操作性定义 – 精确界定你将如何操纵自变量和测量因变量，使研究可重复。例如，将“记忆”可操作化为“30 秒后从 20 个单词列表中回忆出的单词数量”。
Confounding Variable – an uncontrolled factor that changes systematically with the IV, making it impossible to be certain the IV caused the effect on the DV. Confound means 'confuse with'. Use the image of a tangled thread: you cannot separate cause and confusion.
混淆变量 – 一种未得到控制、且随自变量系统性变化的因子，使得你无法确定是自变量导致了对因变量的影响。混淆就是“混在一起”。想象一团乱麻：你无法将原因与混淆拆开。
Demand Characteristics – cues in an experiment that help participants guess the aim and alter their behaviour accordingly. To reduce them, researchers often use a single-blind design. Picture a participant thinking, 'I know what you want, I will give it to you.'
需求特征 – 实验中的线索，帮助被试猜测研究目的并相应改变其行为。为减少这种效应，研究者常采用单盲设计。想象一位被试心里想：“我知道你要什么，我给你就是了。”
Random Allocation – assigning participants to conditions purely by chance, so that individual differences are spread equally. This is like drawing names from a hat to decide who goes into the experimental group and who goes into the control group.
随机分配 – 纯粹凭机会将被试分入不同条件，使个体差异均匀分布。就像从帽子里抽名字，决定谁进实验组，谁进控制组。
Counterbalancing – a technique to control for order effects in a repeated measures design: half the participants do condition A then B, the other half do B then A. The 'ABBA' rhythm is your mnemonic; it balances out practice and fatigue.
平衡对冲 – 在重复测量设计中控制顺序效应的技术：一半被试先做条件 A 再做条件 B，另一半先做 B 再做 A。“ABBA” 的节奏就是你的口诀；它平衡了练习和疲劳效应。
2. Memory Key Terms | 记忆关键术语
Coding – the format in which information is stored. STM codes acoustically (based on sound), while LTM tends to code semantically (based on meaning). A quick rhyme: 'STM sounds like a song; LTM meaning is lifelong.'
编码 – 信息存储的形式。短时记忆以听觉编码为主（基于声音），长时记忆则偏向语义编码（基于意义）。一句顺口溜：“短时记忆像首歌，长时意义不消磨。”
Capacity – s. Think of a phone number chunked into groups; that is why chunking increases effective capacity.
容量 – 能容纳的信息量。短时记忆的“魔法数字”是 7 ± 2 个组块。想一想分组后的电话号码——这也就是组块化能提升有效容量的原因。
Duration – how long information stays. STM lasts about 18–30 seconds without rehearsal, while LTM can last a lifetime. Use the image of a ‘30-second hourglass’ for STM and a ‘locked diary’ for LTM.
持续时间 – 信息能保持多久。没有复述的话，短时记忆约 18–30 秒，长时记忆则可以持续一生。用“30 秒沙漏”想象短时记忆，用“上锁的日记”想象长时记忆。
Phonological Loop – a component of the working memory model; it deals with auditory and verbal information, and can be divided into the phonological store (inner ear) and the articulatory control process (inner voice). Say 'I hear my inner voice rehearsing' to recall its function.
语音环路 – 工作记忆模型中的一个子系统；负责处理听觉和言语信息，可再分为语音存储（内耳）和发音控制过程（内声）。念一句“我听到内声在复述”就能记起它的功能。
Proactive Interference – e = previous acts forward. Picture an old password overwriting your memory of the new one.
前摄干扰 – 旧信息干扰了对新信息的回忆。前摄即“先前”信息往前“干扰”。想象旧密码覆盖了你对新密码的记忆。
Retroactive Interference – Retro = backwards. The new song gets stuck in your head and you forget yesterday’s lyrics.
倒摄干扰 – 新信息干扰了对旧信息的回忆。倒摄即“往后”干扰。新歌上头了，昨天的歌词就忘了。
Cognitive Interview – a police interview technique based on psychological principles: report everything, reinstate context, reverse order, change perspective. The four steps spell 'RCRC', like a bicycle crank that turns your memory around.
认知访谈 – 一种以心理学原理为基础的警用访谈技术：报告一切、恢复背景、颠倒顺序、改变视角。四个步骤简记“报告—复原—反转—换位”，像转动的曲柄撬开记忆。
3. Attachment Key Terms | 依恋关键术语
Reciprocity – a turn-taking pattern of interaction between caregiver and infant, like a dance where each responds to the other. Think of a ping-pong game of smiles and coos.
互动互应 – 看护者与婴儿之间轮流互动的模式，就像一支双人舞，彼此呼应。想象一场微笑与咕咕声的乒乓球赛。
Interactional Synchrony – caregiver and infant mirror each other’s actions and emotions simultaneously, e.g., matching facial expressions. Meltzoff and Moore’s study is a classic; think ‘mirror sync’.
互动同步 – 看护者与婴儿同时镜映彼此的动作和情绪，例如表情同步。Meltzoff 和 Moore 的研究是经典；联想“镜像同步”。
Monotropy – ers. Mono = one, tropy = turning toward. The infant turns primarily to one special person.
单调依恋 – Bowlby 提出的观点：婴儿会形成一个比其他所有关系都更重要的主要依恋纽带。Mono 即“单一”，tropy 即“转向”；婴儿主要转向那一个特别的人。
Internal Working Model – a mental template of relationships formed from the first attachment, influencing future friendships and romantic partnerships. Visualise a blueprint stored in a child’s mind, shaping how they build later connections.
内部工作模型 – 由最初依恋形成的关系心理模板，影响未来的友谊和恋爱关系。想象存储在孩子脑中的蓝图，塑造他们后续建立连接的方式。
Strange Situation – Ainsworth’s controlled observation designed to measure attachment type by assessing separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, reunion behaviour, and the use of the caregiver as a secure base. Imagine a 20-minute drama in a playroom that reveals the script of attachment.
陌生情境法 – Ainsworth 设计的结构化观察，通过评估分离焦虑、陌生人焦虑、重聚行为和以看护者为安全基地的程度，来测定依恋类型。想象一场 20 分钟的游戏室短剧，揭开了依恋的剧本。
Disinhibited Attachment – a pattern often seen after institutionalisation, where the child is overly friendly and affectionate towards strangers, lacking the usual wariness. Think of it as ‘attachment without brakes’.
脱抑制依恋 – 常在收容机构抚养后出现的一种模式，孩子对陌生人过度友好和亲近，缺乏通常的警惕。像“没了刹车的依恋”。
4. Social Influence Key Terms | 社会影响关键术语
Informational Social Influence (ISI) – conforming because you believe others have the right answer, typically in ambiguous situations. It is about ‘wanting to be right’. Recall the Asch line study task being made harder, which increased ISI.
信息性社会影响 – 因相信他人拥有正确答案而顺从，常出现在模糊情境中。核心是“想要正确”。回忆 Asch 线段实验中任务变难时，信息性影响增强。
Normative Social Influence (NSI) – conforming to be accepted and avoid rejection. It is about ‘wanting to be liked’. The fear of being the odd one out in a group is classic NSI.
规范性社会影响 – 为被接纳、避免拒绝而顺从。核心是“想要被喜欢”。害怕在群体中成为异类，就是典型的规范性影响。
Agentic State – Milgram’s term for a mental shift where an individual sees themselves as an agent carrying out another person’s orders, thereby reducing personal responsibility. Picture a switch in the brain flipping from ‘autonomous’ to ‘agent of the authority’.
代理状态 – Milgram 提出的心理转换术语，个体将自己视为执行他人命令的工具，从而减少个人责任感。想象脑中一个开关从“自主”拨向“权威的代理”。
Legitimacy of Authority – the perceived right of an authority figure to give orders, enhanced by symbols like a uniform or a prestigious setting. In Milgram’s variation at a run-down office block, obedience dropped sharply.
权威的合法性 – 权威人物被认为有权发号施令的程度，制服或著名环境等符号会增强这一感知。在 Milgram 的破旧办公楼变式中，服从率大幅下降。
Authoritarian Personality – a dispositional explanation for obedience, characterised by rigid thinking, hostility towards the weak, and excessive respect for authority, measured by the F-scale. Think of a ‘strict father’ prototype, often shaped by harsh parenting.
威权人格 – 对服从的一种倾向性解释，特征包括思维刻板、对弱者敌意、对权威过度尊重，可用 F 量表测量。想象一个“严父”原型，常由严厉的教养方式塑造。
Minority Influence – a form of social influence where a consistent, committed minority changes the majority’s views, especially through deeper processing. Moscovici’s ‘blue-green slides’ study shows that consistency is key. Think of a small steady drip that eventually fills a bucket.
少数派影响 – 一种社会影响形式，坚定一致的少数群体改变多数人的观点，尤其通过深层加工。Moscovici 的“蓝绿幻灯片”实验表明一致性是关键。想象持续的水滴最终灌满水桶。
5. Psychopathology Key Terms | 心理病理学关键术语
Deviation from Ideal Mental Health – Jahoda’s definition: absence of criteria for well-being, such as self-actualisation, accurate perception of reality, resistance to stress. Imagine a ‘mental health check-list’ where missed ticks indicate abnormality.
偏离理想心理健康 – Jahoda 的定义：缺乏良好心理功能的各项标准，如自我实现、准确感知现实、抗压能力等。想象一张“心理健康清单”，未打勾的项目就表明异常。
Failure to Function Adequately – Rosenhan and Seligman’s signs: personal distress, maladaptive behaviour, unpredictability, irrationality, observer discomfort, violation of moral standards. Remember ‘DUMIV’ or the picture of a person unable to get out of bed despite no physical illness.
功能失常 – Rosenhan 与 Seligman 提出的标志：个人痛苦、适应不良行为、不可预测性、非理性、观察者不适、违反道德标准。可用缩写“DUMIV”或一个身体无恙却无法起床的形象来记忆。
Two-Process Model – Mowrer’s explanation of phobias: classical conditioning initiates the fear (acquisition), operant conditioning maintains it through negative reinforcement (avoidance reduces anxiety). Imagine a nasty dog bite (classical) leading you to avoid all dogs, which brings relief (operant).
双过程模型 – Mowrer 对恐惧症的解释：经典条件作用引发恐惧（习得），操作性条件作用通过负强化维持恐惧（回避减轻焦虑）。想象被恶狗咬了一口（经典条件），然后你避开所有狗，焦虑缓解（操作性条件）。
ABC Model – emotional and behavioural Consequence. The arrow of belief is where intervention happens. ‘A does not cause C, B causes C.’
ABC 模型 – Ellis 对抑郁症的认知解释：诱发事件 → 非理性信念 → 情绪与行为后果。干预的靶点在信念环节。“不是 A 导致 C，是 B 导致 C。”
Negative Triad – Beck’s three pessimistic thought domains in depression: negative views of the self, the world, and the future. Draw a triangle with ‘self, world, future’ at the corners; a depressive sees all three as dark.
负面认知三角 – Beck 提出的抑郁症三大悲观思维领域：对自我、世界和未来的消极看法。画一个三角，三个角写上“自我、世界、未来”；抑郁症患者看这三个角都是黑的。
SSRIs – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors that increase serotonin levels in the synaptic cleft by blocking reuptake at the presynaptic neuron. Think of a ‘serotonin sponge’ being soaked and then squeezed, but SSRIs block the soaking-up, leaving more serotonin available.
SSRIs（选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂） – 通过阻断突触前神经元的再摄取，提高突触间隙血清素水平的药物。把再摄取想象成一块“血清素海绵”，SSRI 就阻止海绵吸水，留下更多血清素。
6. Approaches in Psychology Key Terms | 心理学方法关键术语
Introspection – Wundt’s method of systematic self-observation, where trained participants reported their conscious experiences in response to stimuli. Think of ‘looking inside your own mind with a microscope’.
内省法 – Wundt 的系统化自我观察方法，训练过的被试报告他们对刺激的意识经验。想象“用显微镜向内看自己的内心”。
Vicarious Reinforcement – Bandura’s concept: learning by observing someone else being rewarded for a behaviour, which increases the likelihood the observer imitates it. If you see your classmate praised for asking a question, you are more likely to ask one.
替代强化 – Bandura 的概念：观察到他人因某一行为受到奖励，从而增加观察者模仿该行为的可能性。看到同学因提问被表扬，你也更可能提问。
Mediational Processes – four cognitive factors in social learning: Attention, Retention, Motor reproduction, Motivation (ARMM). Use the mnemonic ‘A Raging Motor Memory’ to recall the order.
中介过程 – 社会学习中的四个认知因素：注意、保持、动作再现和动机，缩写为 ARMM。用一句“愤怒的电机记忆”来谐音记顺序。
Schema – a mental framework of beliefs and expectations derived from experience that helps us organise and interpret information. Imagine a filing cabinet with folders labelled ‘restaurant script’, ‘dog prototype’, etc.
图式 – 源自经验的信念与预期的心理框架，帮助我们组织和解释信息。想象一个文件柜，里面贴着标签：“餐厅脚本”、“狗的原型”等。
Genotype – the genetic code written in DNA, the biological blueprint. Phenotype – the observable characteristics resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment. Remember: G for genes, P for product you can see.
基因型 – 写在 DNA 中的遗传密码，生物蓝图。表现型 – 基因型与环境相互作用产生的可观察特征。记住：G 是基因，P 是你看到的产物。
Defence Mechanisms – Freud’s unconscious strategies (repression, denial, displacement) used by the ego to reduce anxiety from conflicts between id and superego. Picture a referee (ego) blowing a whistle to stop a fight between a wild child (id) and a strict parent (superego).
防御机制 – 弗洛伊德提出的无意识策略（压抑、否认、移置），由自我用来减轻本我与超我冲突引发的焦虑。想象一位裁判（自我）吹哨制止野孩子（本我）和严父母（超我）打架。
Conditions of Worth – Rogers’ term for the criteria an individual believes they must meet to gain love and acceptance, leading to incongruence. Picture a child thinking, ‘I am only loved if I get straight As.’
价值条件 – Rogers 提出的术语，指个体相信必须达到才能获得爱与接纳的标准，从而导致不一致。想象一个孩子心想：“我只在成绩全 A 时才被爱。”
7. Biopsychology Key Terms | 生物心理学关键术语
Sympathetic Nervous System – activates the fight-or-flight response: pupils dilate, heart rate increases, digestion slows. Use the phrase 'sympathetic to stress' – it revs you up like stepping on a gas pedal.
交感神经系统 – 激活战斗或逃跑反应：瞳孔放大、心率加快、消化变慢。记住“同情你的压力”——它像踩油门一样让你兴奋。
Parasympathetic Nervous System – calms the body after threat, returning it to 'rest and digest'. Think of a 'parachute' gently slowing you down and landing you safely.
副交感神经系统 – 威胁过后使身体平静，恢复“休息与消化”。想象一把“降落伞”缓缓减速，让你安全着陆。
Synaptic Transmission – the process where an electrical impulse triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles to cross the synapse and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. Imagine a key (neurotransmitter) turning a lock (receptor) to open a door.
突触传递 – 电冲动触发囊泡释放神经递质，穿过突触间隙，与突触后神经元受体结合的过程。想象一把钥匙（神经递质）转动锁芯（受体）打开门。
Broca’s Area – located in the left frontal lobe, responsible for speech production. Damage leads to Broca’s aphasia: slow, laborious speech. Think of a broken ‘Broca’s mouth’ that struggles to produce words.
布洛卡区 – 位于左额叶，负责言语生成。受损导致布洛卡失语症：言语缓慢、费力。想象一个坏掉的“布洛卡嘴巴”艰难地吐字。
Wernicke’s Area – left temporal lobe, responsible for language comprehension. Damage results in fluent but meaningless speech. Wernicke’s patients say ‘word salad’; picture a salad bowl of jumbled words.
韦尼克区 – 左颞叶，负责语言理解。受损后说话流利但无意义，像“词语沙拉”。想象一碗混杂词汇的沙拉。
Endogenous Pacemakers – gical rhythms. Endogenous = inside origin. Picture a tiny clock ticking inside your brain.
内生起搏器 – 内部生物钟，如下丘脑视交叉上核（SCN），调控生物节律。Endogenous 即内源性的。想象脑中有一个滴答作响
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