📚 Year 12 AQA Psychology: Unit Test Mock Paper Walkthrough | AQA心理学Year 12单元测试模拟卷解析
This mock paper walkthrough is designed for Year 12 AQA Psychology students preparing for unit tests. It covers typical exam-style questions on Social Influence, Memory, Attachment, Psychopathology, Approaches, and Biopsychology. Each section presents a question, a model answer with marking guidance, and a commentary that highlights common pitfalls and revision tips. Use this resource to test your knowledge and refine your exam technique.
本模拟卷解析专为准备单元测试的AQA心理学Year 12学生量身定制。内容涵盖社会影响、记忆、依恋、心理病理学、流派与生物心理学等典型考题。每个部分展示一道题目、配套评分指导的模型答案，以及强调常见错误和复习要点的评论。利用这份资料检验你的知识，优化你的考试技巧。
1. Social Influence: Types of Conformity (Kelman, 1958) | 社会影响：从众类型 (Kelman, 1958)
Question: Outline compliance and internalisation as types of conformity. (4 marks)
Compliance is the shallowest form of conformity, where an individual publicly goes along with the group's behaviour or opinions but privately disagrees. The change is temporary and lasts only as long as the group is present.
顺从是最表层的从众形式，个体在公开场合跟随群体的行为或意见，但内心并不同意。这种改变是暂时的，仅当群体在场时维持。
Internalisation is the deepest type of conformity, occurring when a person genuinely accepts the group's beliefs both publicly and privately. This leads to a permanent change in behaviour and attitudes, even when the group is no longer present.
内化是最深层的从众类型，发生在个体公开和私下都真正接受群体信念时。即便群体不再在场，这种行为和态度的改变也是永久的。
For full marks, candidates must clearly distinguish between public and private acceptance. A common mistake is describing compliance as simply 'doing what others do' without mentioning private disagreement, which loses the key contrast with internalisation.
要获得满分，考生必须清楚区分公开接受与私下接受。常见错误是将顺从简单地描述为'别人做什么就做什么'，而未提及私下不认同，从而丢失了与内化的关键对比。
2. Social Influence: Situational Variables in Obedience (Milgram) | 社会影响：服从的情境变量 (Milgram)
Question: Briefly explain how two situational variables affected obedience in Milgram's research. (4 marks)
One variable was proximity. In the baseline study, the teacher and learner were in separate rooms, and 65% obeyed fully. When the teacher was required to force the learner's hand onto a shock plate, obedience dropped sharply. This shows that physical closeness to the victim increases the personal cost of harm, reducing obedience.
变量之一是接近程度。在基线研究中，教师与学习者在不同房间，完全服从率为65%。当教师被要求将学习者的手按在电击板上时，服从率急剧下降。这表明与受害者的身体距离越近，造成伤害的个人代价越高，从而降低服从。
Another variable was location. Milgram conducted the study in a prestigious Yale laboratory, which contributed to the high obedience rate. When the experiment was moved to a run-down office building, obedience decreased significantly. This demonstrates that the perceived legitimacy of the setting influences how much people trust the authority.
另一个变量是地点。Milgram在享有声望的耶鲁大学实验室进行实验，这促成了高服从率。当实验移至破旧的办公楼时，服从率显著下降。这表明人们对环境合法性的感知会影响他们对权威的信任程度。
3. Social Influence: Explanations of Resistance to Social Influence | 社会影响：抵制社会影响的解释
Question: Discuss two explanations of resistance to social influence. (6 marks)
Social support explains why people resist conformity and obedience. For example, in Asch's conformity studies, the presence of a dissenter who gave the correct answer reduced conformity to just 5%, because the dissenter broke the unanimous majority and provided validation for independent judgement.
社会支持解释了人们为何能抵制从众和服从。例如，在Asch的从众研究中，一位给出正确答案的异议者使从众率降至仅5%，因为异议者打破了全体一致的局面，并为独立判断提供了验证。
Another explanation is locus of control, which refers to an individual's perception of personal control over their lives. People with a high internal locus of control believe they are responsible for their own actions and are more likely to resist social pressure. Research by Spector (1983) found that internals are less likely to conform and more likely to challenge authority compared to externals, who attribute outcomes to luck or powerful others.
另一种解释是控制点，指个体对自身生活控制感的认知。具有高内部控制点的人相信他们对自己的行为负责，更可能抵制社会压力。Spector (1983)的研究发现，与将结果归因于运气或强大他人的外控者相比，内控者更不容易从众，且更有可能挑战权威。
4. Memory: Multi-Store Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) | 记忆：多贮存模型 (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968)
Question: Outline the key features of the multi-store model of memory. (4 marks)
The model proposes three separate stores. First, environmental information enters the sensory register, where it is held very briefly in a raw, unprocessed form. If attention is paid to this information, it passes into short-term memory (STM).
该模型提出三个独立的贮存库。首先，环境信息进入感觉登记器，在此以原始、未经加工的形式短暂保持。如果对该信息加以注意，它便进入短时记忆。
STM has a limited capacity of about 7 ± 2 items and a duration of around 18– s potentially unlimited capacity and duration. The model highlights that information flows in a linear fashion.
短时记忆的容量约为7±2个组块，持续时间约18-30秒，除非进行保持性复述。通过充足的复述，信息被转入长时记忆，后者具有潜在的无限容量和时长。该模型强调信息以单向线性方式流动。
5. Memory: Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974) | 记忆：工作记忆模型 (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974)
Question: Explain one strength of the working memory model over the multi-store model. Use evidence in your answer. (4 marks)
A major strength is that the working memory model accounts for dual-task performance, which the multi-store model cannot explain. The model includes a central executive that allocates resources to slave systems–the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad.
一个主要优势是工作记忆模型能解释双任务表现，而多贮存模型无法做到。该模型包含一个中央执行器，负责将资源分配给从属系统——语音环路和视空间画板。
Baddeley and Hitch (1976) demonstrated that participants could simultaneously perform a verbal task (using the phonological loop) and a visual tracking task (using the visuospatial sketchpad) without much interference. However, when two tasks compete for the same slave system, performance declines. This functional separation shows memory is not a single unitary STM store.
Baddeley和Hitch (1976) 证明，参与者可以同时执行言语任务（使用语音环路）和视觉追踪任务（使用视空间画板）而干扰很小。但当两项任务竞争同一从属系统时，表现就会下降。这种功能分离说明记忆并非单一的短时贮存库。
6. Attachment: Caregiver-Infant Interactions | 依恋：看护者-婴儿互动
Question: Describe one study of caregiver-infant interaction. Include the procedure and findings. (4 marks)
Meltzoff and Moore (1977) investigated interactional synchrony in infants aged two to three weeks. An adult model displayed one of three facial expressions (e.g., mouth opening, tongue protrusion) or one manual gesture. The infant's response was videotaped and later rated by independent observers who had no knowledge of what the infant had watched.
Meltzoff和Moore (1977) 研究了2至3周大婴儿的互动同步性。一名成人示范者展示三种面部表情之一（如张嘴、伸舌头）或一种手势。婴儿的反应被录像，之后由不知晓婴儿观看内容、独立的观察者进行评分。
The findings showed a significant positive association between the adult's expression and the infant's actions; for example, infants were much more likely to protrude their tongues after seeing the adult do so. This suggests that imitation is an innate ability and that interactional synchrony serves as a foundation for attachment.
结果发现，成人的表情与婴儿的动作之间存在显著正相关；例如，婴儿在看到成人伸舌头后，自己也更可能伸舌头。这表明模仿是一种先天能力，互动同步性为依恋奠定了基础。
7. Attachment: Animal Studies of Attachment (Lorenz & Harlow) | 依恋：依恋的动物研究 (Lorenz & Harlow)
Question: Discuss Lorenz's and Harlow's animal studies of attachment. (6 marks)
Lorenz (1935) divided goose eggs into two groups: one hatched with the mother, the other in an incubator where Lorenz was the first moving object they saw. The incubator-hatched goslings followed Lorenz everywhere and showed no recognition of their natural mother. Lorenz called this rapid attachment formation 'imprinting' and noted it occurs within a critical period of a few hours after hatching.
Lorenz (1935) 将鹅蛋分成两组：一组由母鹅孵化，另一组在孵化器内孵化，而Lorenz是它们看到的第一个移动物体。孵化器孵出的幼鹅到处跟随Lorenz，并且不认识自己的自然母亲。Lorenz将这种快速的依恋形成称为'印刻'，并指出它发生在一个关键的敏感期内，即孵化后的几小时。
Harlow (1959) reared infant rhesus monkeys with two wire surrogate mothers. One surrogate was made of bare wire but provided milk; the other was covered with soft cloth but offered no food. The monkeys spent most of their time clinging to the cloth mother and only went to the wire mother for feeding. When frightened, they consistently ran to the cloth mother for comfort. This demonstrated that contact comfort is more important than food in forming attachment, challenging the learning theory view that attachment is driven by cupboard love.
Harlow (1959) 用两只铁丝代母抚养恒河幼猴。一只代母由裸露的铁丝制成但提供乳汁；另一只包裹软布却不提供食物。幼猴大部分时间紧抱布母，仅在喂食时才去铁丝母猴那里。受到惊吓时，它们一致地跑向布母寻求安慰。这表明接触安慰比食物在依恋形成中更重要，挑战了依恋由'橱柜之爱'驱动的学习理论观点。
8. Attachment: The Strange Situation (Ainsworth et al., 1978) | 依恋：陌生情境 (Ainsworth等人, 1978)
Question: Identify the three main attachment types found in the Strange Situation and describe behaviour typical of an insecure-resistant infant. (4 marks)
Ainsworth identified secure attachment (Type B), insecure-avoidant (Type A), and insecure-resistant (Type C). The classification is based on the infant's exploration behaviour, separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, and reunion behaviour.
Ainsworth识别出安全型依恋（B型）、不安全-回避型（A型）和不安全-反抗型（C型）。分类依据婴儿的探索行为、分离焦虑、陌生人焦虑和重聚行为。
An insecure-resistant infant shows intense distress when the caregiver leaves the room, but upon reunion they exhibit conflicting behaviours, such as clinging to the caregiver while simultaneously pushing them away or hitting. They are wary of the stranger and explore little even before separation. This ambivalence reflects a lack of consistent caregiver sensitivity.
不安全-反抗型婴儿在照料者离开房间时表现出强烈的悲伤，但在重聚时却表现出冲突行为，例如紧紧抓着照料者，同时又将其推开或打他们。他们对陌生人保持警惕，甚至在分离前也很少探索。这种矛盾心态反映了照料者缺乏一贯的敏感性。
9. Psychopathology: Definitions of Abnormality | 心理病理学：异常的定义
Question: Explain what is meant by 'deviation from social norms' and 'failure to function adequately' as definitions of abnormality. (4 marks)
Deviation from social norms defines abnormality as behaviour that violates the unwritten rules or expectations of a given society. For example, walking barefoot in a shopping centre might be viewed as abnormal because it breaches accepted standards of conduct. A limitation is that social norms vary across cultures and historical periods, so the definition can lead to cultural relativism.
偏离社会规范将异常定义为违反特定社会中不成文规则或期望的行为。例如，在购物中心赤脚行走可能被视为异常，因为它违背了公认的行为准则。这一定义的局限是社会规范因文化和历史时期而异，因而可能导致文化相对主义。
Failure to function adequately defines abnormality in terms of an individual's inability to cope with everyday life. Rosenhan and Seligman (1989) proposed signs such as personal distress, observer discomfort, and irrational behaviour. For instance, a person who cannot maintain personal hygiene or hold a job may be considered abnormal. However, this definition does not always distinguish between temporary life crises and chronic mental disorders.
功能运作不良从个体无法应对日常生活的角度定义异常。Rosenhan和Seligman (1989) 提出了诸如个人痛苦、观察者不适和非理性行为等迹象。例如，一个人若无法保持个人卫生或维持工作，可能被视为异常。但这一定义并不总能区分暂时的人生危机和慢性心理障碍。
10. Psychopathology: The Two-Process Model of Phobias | 心理病理学：恐惧症的双过程模型
Question: Outline the two-process model as an explanation of phobias. (4 marks)
The two-process model suggests that phobias are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning. In the acquisition phase, a neutral stimulus (e.g., a dog) is paired with a frightening event (e.g., being bitten), creating an emotional response of fear. The previously neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that triggers a conditioned fear response.
双过程模型提出，恐惧症通过经典条件作用获得，并通过操作性条件作用维持。在获得阶段，一个中性刺激（如狗）与令人生畏的事件（如被咬）配对，产生恐惧情绪反应。之前的中性刺激变成了引发条件恐惧反应的条件刺激。
Maintenance occurs through negative reinforcement. The individual learns that avoiding the phobic stimulus reduces their anxiety
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