Year 12 AQA Science: Glossary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 12 AQA科学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 12 AQA Science: Glossary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 12 AQA科学：词汇术语速记指南

This bilingual quick revision guide is designed for Year 12 students tackling AQA Science. It covers essential terminology from Biology, Chemistry, and Physics, with each term paired with a simple memory trick or contextual clue. You can use these glossaries to boost recall ahead of tests and to reinforce deeper understanding of AS-level concepts.

这份中英双语速记指南专为学习 AQA 科学课程的 Year 12 学生打造。它涵盖了生物、化学和物理中的核心术语，每个术语都配有简单的记忆技巧或语境线索。你可以利用这些词汇表在考试前加强记忆，并巩固对 AS 阶段概念的深层理解。

1. Biological Molecules & Cells | 生物分子与细胞

Monosaccharide: A single sugar unit (e.g., glucose, fructose). Memory aid: 'Mono' = one, like a monorail has one rail.

单糖：由单个糖单元组成的糖（如葡萄糖、果糖）。记忆法：'单'意味着一个，正如独轮车只有一个轮子。

Disaccharide: wo : Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond (e.g., sucrose = glucose + fructose). Think 'di' = two, like a bicycle has two wheels.

二糖：由两个单糖通过糖苷键连接而成（例如蔗糖 = 葡萄糖 + 果糖）。联想'二'就是两个，像自行车有两个轮子。

Polysaccharide: Many monosaccharides linked together (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose). 'Poly' means many, like a polygon has many sides.

多糖：由许多单糖连接而成（如淀粉、糖原、纤维素）。'多'表示很多，如同多边形有很多边。

Glycosidic bond: A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides via a condensation reaction. 'Glyco' = sugar, 'sidic' sounds like 'side', sugars joining side by side.

糖苷键：两个单糖通过缩合反应形成的共价键。'苷'字里面有个甘，代表糖，两个糖并排相连。

Triglyceride: A lipid made of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid chains. 'Tri' = three, 'glyceride' relates to glycerol.

甘油三酯：由一个甘油分子和三条脂肪酸链组成的脂质。'三'表示三条链，甘油衍生出甘油酯。

Phospholipid: A modified triglyceride where one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group; it forms the basis of cell membranes. The 'phospho' head loves water, tails hate it – picture a tadpole.

磷脂：一种修饰过的甘油三酯，其中一条脂肪酸被磷酸基团取代；它是细胞膜的基础。'磷'头亲水，尾巴疏水——想象一只蝌蚪。

Amino acid: The monomer of proteins, containing an amino group (-NH₂) and a carboxyl group (-COOH). There are 20 common types. Think 'amino' as the 'A-team' building blocks.

氨基酸：蛋白质的单体，含有氨基（-NH₂）和羧基（-COOH）。常见的共有 20 种。把'氨基'看作搭建蛋白质的'基石团队'。

Peptide bond: The covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another during condensation. 'Pep-tide' sounds like 'pep-tied', linking units tightly.

肽键：一个氨基酸的羧基与另一个氨基酸的氨基在缩合过程中形成的共价键。'肽'中有'月'旁，像一块块肉连接起来。

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2. Cell Structure & Transport | 细胞结构与运输

Eukaryotic cell: A cell with a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles (e.g., animal and plant cells). 'Eu' = true, 'karyon' = kernel/nucleus – a true nucleus.

真核细胞：具有由膜包围的细胞核和细胞器的细胞（如动物和植物细胞）。'真'代表真正，即有真正的细胞核。

Prokaryotic cell: A simpler cell without a nucleus; DNA is free in the cytoplasm (e.g., bacteria). 'Pro' = before, before the nucleus evolved.

原核细胞：更简单的细胞，没有细胞核，DNA 游离在细胞质中（如细菌）。'原'表示原始，即细胞核出现之前的形态。

Mitochondrion: Site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP. Often called the powerhouse. 'Mighty mitochondria make energy' – remember 'mighty' and 'mito'.

线粒体：有氧呼吸的场所，产生 ATP。常被称为细胞的发电站。用'强大的线粒体制造能量'来记忆。

Ribosome: The organelle that synthesises proteins, composed of rRNA and protein. Small but mighty factories; 'ribo' sounds like 'ribbon' of protein assembly.

核糖体：合成蛋白质的细胞器，由 rRNA 和蛋白质组成。虽小却强大的蛋白质工厂；联想'核糖'就像车间里'核'心制糖机器。

Cell membrane: A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, controlling movement in and out. 'Fluid mosaic' – imagine a mosaic of floating tiles.

细胞膜：由磷脂双分子层和嵌入的蛋白质组成，控制物质进出。'流动镶嵌模型'——想象一幅漂浮的镶嵌画。

Diffusion: The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration, passive. 'Down the concentration gradient' – like sliding downhill.

扩散：粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，不消耗能量。顺浓度梯度下滑——如同坐滑梯。

Osmosis: The diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to lower water potential. 'Osmosis' sounds like 'O's moving' – water H₂O.

渗透：水分子通过半透膜从高水势区域向低水势区域的扩散。'渗透'两个字的偏旁都有三点水，记住是水的运动。

Active transport: Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient using carrier proteins and ATP. 'Active' means energy is needed, like climbing uphill.

主动运输：借助载体蛋白和 ATP，逆浓度梯度运输分子。'主动'意味着需要能量，如同爬坡。

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3. Genetics & Evolution | 遗传与进化

Gene: A sequence of DNA bases that codes for a polypeptide or functional RNA. 'Gene' remember as 'Gen-etic instruction'.

基因：一段编码多肽或功能性 RNA 的 DNA 碱基序列。'基'因是基本遗传单位。

Allele: A variant form of a gene. For example, the gene for eye colour has blue and brown alleles. 'Allele' sounds like 'alternate-allele'.

等位基因：基因的变异形式。例如，眼色基因有蓝眼和棕眼等位基因。'等位'即占据同一位点但形式不同。

Genotype: The genetic constitution of an organism (e.g., BB, Bb). 'Geno' = gene, 'type' = type of genes present.

基因型：一个生物体的基因组成（如 BB， Bb）。'型'代表类型。

Phenotype: The observable characteristics resulting from genotype and environment. 'Ph' sounds like 'physical', what you see.

表现型：由基因型和环境共同决定的可观察特征。'表现'即外在表现。

Dominant allele: An allele that expresses its phenotype even in the heterozygous condition. 'Dominant' rules over recessive.

显性等位基因：即使在杂合状态下也能表达其表现型的等位基因。'显'就是显现出来。

Recessive allele: Only expressed in the homozygous condition. 'Recessive' looks like 'recess', hiding when dominant is present.

隐性等位基因：只在纯合状态下才表达。'隐'就是隐藏，有显性基因时不表现。

Meiosis: Cell division producing four genetically distinct haploid gametes. 'Mei-osis' reduce chromosome number – think 'mei' as in 'meiosis halves'.

减数分裂：产生四个遗传上不同的单倍体配子的细胞分裂。'减'意味着染色体数目减半。

Natural selection: The process where organisms better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce. 'Survival of the fittest' – the best fit for the environment.

自然选择：更适应环境的生物存活并繁殖的过程。'适者生存'——最适合环境者胜出。

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4. Atomic Structure & Periodic Table (Chemistry) | 原子结构与周期表

Atom: The smallest part of an element, consisting of a nucleus (protons + neutrons) surrounded by electrons. 'A-tom' sounds like 'atom is indivisible' originally.

原子：元素最小的组成部分，由原子核（质子+中子）和环绕的电子组成。'原'指原本不可再分。

Isotope: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different neutrons. 'Iso' = same, 'tope' = place (same position on periodic table).

同位素：质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素原子。'同位'即周期表中同一位置。

Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ): The weighted mean mass of an atom compared to 1/12th of carbon-12. Think 'Aᵣ = average mass of atoms'.

相对原子质量（Aᵣ）：原子加权平均质量与碳-12 原子质量的 1/12 之比。'相对'是指相对于碳-12。

First ionisation energy: equired to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms: X(g) → X⁺(g) + e⁻. 'Ionisation' = making ions.

第一电离能：从一摩尔气态原子中移走一摩尔电子所需能量：X(g) → X⁺(g) + e⁻。'电离'就是使原子变成离子。

Orbital: A region around the nucleus where there is a high probability of finding an electron. s, p, d shapes. 'Orbital' like a planetary orbit, but a probability cloud.

轨道：原子核外电子出现概率很高的区域，有 s、p、d 等形状。像行'星轨道'，但是概率云。

Electronegativity: The ability of an atom to attract the bonding pair of electrons in a covalent bond. 'Electro-negative' pulls electrons.

电负性：原子在共价键中吸引成键电子对的能力。'电负'就是拉电子的倾向。

Periodicity: The repeating trends in physical and chemical properties across a period of the periodic table. 'Period-icity' – patterns every period.

周期性：同一周期内物理和化学性质重复出现的趋势。'周期'规律性变化。

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5. Bonding & Structure (Chemistry) | 化学键与结构

Ionic bond: Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, formed by electron transfer. 'Ion-ic' – ions attract like magnets.

离子键：带相反电荷离子间的静电吸引力，通过电子转移形成。正负离子像磁铁一样相吸。

Covalent bond: A shared pair of electrons between two atoms. 'Co-' together, 'valent' related to valence electrons – sharing is caring.

共价键：两个原子之间通过共用一对电子形成的键。'共'就是共享。

Metallic bond: Attraction between positive metal ions and a sea of delocalised electrons. 'Metal-lic' – imagine cations floating in an electron sea.

金属键：正金属离子与离域电子海之间的吸引力。'金属'键就是电子海洋中的正离子。

Dative covalent bond (coordinate bond): A covalent bond where both electrons come from the same atom. 'Dative' = donation – one atom donates a lone pair.

配位共价键：两个电子均来自同一原子的共价键。'配位'即一方提供孤对电子给另一方。

Hydrogen bond: A strong dipole-dipole interaction between a lone pair on a highly electronegative atom (N, O, F) and a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to another N, O, or F. 'Hydrogen bond' holds DNA and water together – remember H₂O.

氢键：强电负性原子（N、O、F）上的孤对电子与与另一 N、O、F 共价结合的氢原子之间的强偶极-偶极相互作用。氢键维系着 DNA 和水——想到 H₂O。

van der Waals forces: Weak intermolecular forces caused by temporary fluctuating dipoles. 'Van der Waals' sounds like 'wandering waals' – temporary attractions.

范德华力：因瞬时波动偶极而产生的弱分子间力。'范'德华力很'泛'，普遍存在。

Giant covalent structure: A lattice of many atoms joined by covalent bonds (diamond, graphite, SiO₂). 'Giant' means huge network – like a diamond fortress.

巨型共价结构：由许多共价键连接的原子晶格（金刚石、石墨、二氧化硅）。'巨型'网络坚固无比。

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6. Energetics & Kinetics (Chemistry) | 能量学与动力学

Enthalpy change (ΔH): Heat energy change at constant pressure. Exothermic ΔH < 0, endothermic ΔH > 0. 'Enthalpy' sounds like 'internal energy' – think heat content.

焓变 (ΔH)：恒压条件下的热能量变化。放热 ΔH < 0，吸热 ΔH > 0。'焓'由火和含组成，代表含热。

Activation energy (Eₐ): Minimum energy required for a reaction to occur. 'Activation' like a push over a hill – you need energy to start.

活化能 (Eₐ)：反应发生所需的最低能量。'活化'犹如推车过坡，需要启动的关键能量。

Catalyst: A substance that increases the rate of reaction by providing an alternative pathway with lower Eₐ, without being used up. 'Catalyst' speeds things but remains unchanged – like a matchmaker.

催化剂：通过提供较低活化能的替代路径来提高反应速率，自身不被消耗。催化剂像媒人，加速反应但不改变化学成分。

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution: e distribution of energies among gas particles. Only particles with energy ≥ Eₐ can react. 'Boltzmann' – imagine a hill of energy; the tail beyond Eₐ matters.

麦克斯韦-玻尔兹曼分布：表示气体粒子能量分布的曲线。只有能量 ≥ Eₐ 的粒子才能反应。曲线就像一座山，超出 Eₐ 的尾巴代表有效碰撞。

Rate of reaction: Change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time. 'Rate' is how fast, measured in mol dm⁻³ s⁻¹.

反应速率：单位时间内反应物或产物浓度的变化。'速率'就是多快，常用单位 mol dm⁻³ s⁻¹。

Dynamic equilibrium: In a reversible reaction, the forward and backward rates are equal, concentrations remain constant. 'Dynamic' means still moving, 'equilibrium' means balance.

动态平衡：可逆反应中正逆速率相等，浓度保持不变的状态。'动态'表示仍在反应，'平衡'表示宏观静止。

Le Chatelier's principle: If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the position shifts to oppose the change. 'Le Chatelier' – the system 'chats back' and opposes you.

勒夏特列原理：如果平衡体系受到扰动，平衡将向减弱这种改变的方向移动。体系就像会'反驳'你的操作。

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7. Mechanics & Materials (Physics) | 力学与材料

Scalar quantity: A physical quantity with magnitude only (e.g., speed, mass, time). 'Scalar' sounds like 'scale' – just the size.

标量：只有大小的物理量（如速率、质量、时间）。'标'量只指示数值的尺度。

Vector quantity: Has both magnitude and direction (e.g., displacement, velocity, force). 'Vector' – think arrow with direction.

矢量：既有大小又有方向的量（如位移、速度、力）。'矢'就是箭，有指向。

Displacement: Distance in a given direction from a starting point. 'Dis-place-ment' – you moved from your place.

位移：从起点出发在给定方向上的距离。表示位置的变化，带有方向。

Newton's second law: on an object is equal to the rate of change of its momentum. In constant mass: F = m × a. 'F=ma' – the most famous physics shorthand.

牛顿第二定律：物体的合外力等于其动量变化率。对于质量不变的情况：F = m × a。'F=ma' 是最著名的物理学等式。

Moment of a force: The turning effect about a pivot, calculated as force × perpendicular distance. 'Moment' – think of a door: force far from hinge gives large moment.

力矩：关于支点的转动效果，等于力 × 垂直距离。想想开门：离铰链越远用力，力矩越大。

Work done: Energy transferred when a force moves its point of application, W = F s cosθ. 'Work' is force over distance – you do work when you move something.

做功：力使其作用点移动时所传递的能量，W = F s cosθ。做功就是力作用一段距离。

Stress: Force applied per unit cross-sectional area, σ = F/A, units Pa. 'Stress' is like tension inside the material.

应力：单位横截面积上施加的力，σ = F/A，单位为帕斯卡。材料内部的'压力'。

Young modulus: he ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain (E = σ/ε) up to the limit of proportionality. 'Young' guy measures how stiff something is.

杨氏模量：衡量刚度的量，为拉伸应力与拉伸应变之比（E = σ/ε），适用于比例极限内。杨氏模量告诉我们材料有多'硬'。

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8. Waves & Quantum Physics | 波与量子物理

Amplitude (A): Maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium position. 'Amplitude' sounds like 'amplify' – larger amplitude, louder/bigger wave.

振幅（A）：波离开平衡位置的最大位移。'幅'度越大，波的能量越大。

Wavelength (λ): Distance between two successive points in phase (e.g., crest to crest). 'Lambda' looks like an inverted 'y' – measure wave length with a λ ruler.

波长（λ）：波中两个相邻同相位点之间的距离（如波峰到波峰）。用 λ 来量波的长度。

Frequency (f): Number of complete oscillations per second, unit Hz. 'Frequency' – how frequently the wave cycles occur.

频率（f）：每秒完整振动的次数，单位赫兹。频率就是'频繁'程度。

v = f λ

The wave speed equals frequency multiplied by wavelength. This is a universal wave equation.

波速等于频率乘以波长。这是通用的波动方程。

Phase difference: How much one wave lags behind another, measured in degrees or radians. 'Phase' – imagine two runners on a track, the angle between them.

相位差：一个波相对于另一个波的滞后程度，用度或弧度表示。想象跑道上两名运动员之间的角度差。

Photoelectric effect: a metal surface when electromagnetic radiation above the threshold frequency shines on it. 'Photo' = light, 'electric' = electrons – light kicks out electrons.

光电效应：当频率高于阈值的电磁辐射照射金属表面时，电子逸出的现象。'光'引发'电'子跑出。

Work function (Φ): inimum energy needed to remove an electron from the surface of a metal. Think of it as the 'ticket price' to leave the metal. hf = Φ + KEₘₐₓ.

功函数（Φ）：从金属表面移走一个电子所需的最小能量。就像离开金属的'入场费'。 hf = Φ + 最大动能。

de Broglie wavelength: All moving particles have a wave-like nature, λ = h/mv. 'de Broglie' – electrons can diffract, behaving like waves.

德布罗意波长：所有运动粒子都具有波粒二象性，λ = h/mv。电子也能衍射，表现得像波一样。

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9. Electricity (Physics) | 电学

Current (I): Rate of flow of charge, I = ΔQ/Δt, measured in amperes. 'Current' is like the flow of water in a river – charge in motion.

电流（I）：电荷流动的速率，I = ΔQ/Δt，单位安培。'电流'就像河流中的水流——电荷的流动。

Potential difference (V): Work done per unit charge, V = W/Q, measured in volts. 'Potential' pushes charges around – 'voltage' is electrical pressure.

电势差（V）：每单位电荷所做的功，V = W/Q，单位伏特。'电势'差推动电荷移动，如同水压。

Resistance (R): Opposition to current, R = V/I, unit ohm (Ω). 'Resistance' resists flow – imagine a narrow pipe.

电阻（R）：对电流的阻碍，R = V/I，单位欧姆（Ω）。'电'阻抵抗电流，像狭窄水管。

Ohm's law: nt temperature, the current is directly proportional to the potential difference (V = IR). 'Ohmic' means it obeys – constant R.

欧姆定律：对恒定温度下的欧姆导体，电流与电势差成正比（V = IR）。'欧姆'导体遵守线性关系。

Resistivity (ρ): A material property that describes how strongly it resists current, R = ρL/A. 'Resistivity' – the intrinsic resistance of a substance, not just shape.

电阻率（ρ）：描述材料本身对电流阻碍程度的属性，R = ρL/A。'率'表示材料固有的阻碍本领。

Electromotive force (emf, ε): The energy supplied per unit charge by a source of electrical power. 'Emf' is the maximum voltage a battery can provide when no current flows. Published by TutorHao | Year 12 Science Revision Series | aleveler.com

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