📚 Year 12 AQA Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Speed Memorisation Guide | Year 12 AQA 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vocabulary of Year 12 AQA Biology is like learning a new language. This guide breaks down complex terminology into memorable roots, prefixes, and suffixes, helping you recall definitions quickly and accurately for your exams.
掌握 AQA Year 12 生物的词汇就如同学习一门新语言。本指南将复杂的术语拆解成易记的词根、前缀和后缀，帮助你快速准确地回忆定义，备战考试。
1. Common Prefixes and Suffixes | 常见前缀与后缀
| Prefix/Suffix | Meaning | 中文含义 |
|---|---|---|
| mono- | one | 一 |
| di- | two | 二 |
| poly- | many | 多 |
| tri- | three | 三 |
| oligo- | few | 少 |
| hydro- | water | 水 |
| -ose | sugar | 糖 |
| -ase | enzyme | 酶 |
| -lysis | splitting | 分解 |
| -synthesis | building up | 合成 |
| -cyte | cell | 细胞 |
| -some | body | 体 |
| hyper- | above/excess | 超过 |
| hypo- | below/deficient | 低于/不足 |
| endo- | inside | 内 |
| exo- | outside | 外 |
Understanding these building blocks makes terms like 'hydrolysis' ) + -lysis (splitting) → splitting with water, the reaction that breaks bonds in polymers.
理解这些构词模块能让 'hydrolysis'（水解）一目了然：hydro-（水）+ -lysis（分解）→ 用水分解，也就是将聚合物中的化学键打断的反应。
The opposite process, condensation, removes water to form bonds; think of 'dehydration synthesis' where 'de' means removal and 'hydro' refers to water.
相反的过程，缩合反应，则是脱去水来形成键；可以联想 'dehydration synthesis'（脱水合成），其中 'de' 表示去除，'hydro' 表示水。
Similarly, 'polysaccharide' (many) + saccharide (sugar) → a polymer of many sugar monomers joined by glycosidic bonds.
类似地，'polysaccharide'（多糖）= poly-（多）+ saccharide（糖）→ 由许多糖单体通过糖苷键连接而成的聚合物。
2. Carbohydrates and Lipids Terminology | 碳水化合物与脂质术语
Monosaccharide (e.g. glucose): 'mono' = one, 'saccharide' = sugar; a single sugar unit that serves as the monomer for all carbohydrates.
单糖（如葡萄糖）：'mono' = 一，'saccharide' = 糖；作为所有碳水化合物的单体的单个糖单位。
Disaccharide: 'di' rides join via a glycosidic bond in a condensation reaction, releasing one water molecule.
二糖：'di' = 二；由两个单糖通过缩合反应形成糖苷键连接而成，同时释放一分子水。
Polysaccharide: 'poly' cogen, and cellulose, each composed of long chains of glucose units but differing in branching and bonding.
多糖：'poly' = 多；例如淀粉、糖原和纤维素，它们均由长链葡萄糖单位构成，但在分支和键型上有所差异。
Glycosidic bond: the covalent link between sugar units; remember 'glyco-' refers to sugar and '-sidic' to the bond type.
糖苷键：糖单位之间的共价连接；记住 'glyco-' 指的是糖，'-sidic' 指键的类型。
Triglyceride: 'tri' = three fatty acid tails attached to one glycerol molecule by ester bonds; recall 'glyceride' from glycerol.
甘油三酯：'tri' = 三条脂肪酸尾部通过酯键连接在一个甘油分子上；可从甘油（glycerol）联想到 'glyceride'。
Phospholipid: a modified triglyceride where one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group; the phosphate 'head' is hydrophilic ('water-loving'), the fatty acid 'tails' are hydrophobic ('water-fearing').
磷脂：一种改性甘油三酯，其中一个脂肪酸被磷酸基团取代；磷酸“头”亲水（hydrophilic），脂肪酸“尾”疏水（hydrophobic）。
Saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids: saturated have no double bonds between carbon atoms (fully 'saturated' with hydrogen), while unsaturated contain at least one double bond, causing a kink in the tail.
饱和与不饱和脂肪酸：饱和脂肪酸的碳原子间无双键（完全被氢“饱和”），而不饱和脂肪酸至少含有一个双键，导致尾部弯折。
3. Proteins and Enzymes | 蛋白质与酶
Amino acid: the monomer containing an amino group (-NH₂), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a variable R group; 'amino' refers to the nitrogen-containing part.
氨基酸：含有氨基（-NH₂）、羧基（-COOH）和可变R基团的单体；'amino' 指向含氮部分。
Peptide bond: a covalent link formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another via condensation; two amino acids form a dipeptide.
肽键：一个氨基酸的氨基与另一个氨基酸的羧基之间通过缩合反应形成的共价键；两个氨基酸形成二肽。
Polypeptide and protein: a polypeptide is a chain of many amino acids; a protein is a functional molecule with specific folding (primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary structure).
多肽与蛋白质：多肽是由许多氨基酸连接而成的链；蛋白质则是具有特定折叠（一级、二级、三级，有时四级结构）的功能性分子。
Enzymes: biological catalysts that lower activation energy; notice that most enzyme names end in '-ase' (e.g. amylase, protease, lipase), making them easy to spot.
酶：降低活化能的生物催化剂；注意大多数酶的名称以 '-ase' 结尾（如 amylase、protease、lipase），便于识别。
Active site and substrate: the substrate fits into the active site; remember the 'induced fit' model where the active site changes shape slightly to bind the substrate snugly.
活性位点与底物：底物进入活性位点；记住“诱导契合”模型，活性位点会略微改变形状以紧密契合底物。
Competitive inhibitor: a molecule that resembles the substrate and competes for the active site; non-competitive inhibitor binds elsewhere (allosteric site), changing the active site shape.
竞争性抑制剂：与底物结构相似的分子，争夺活性位点；非竞争性抑制剂则结合在别处（别构位点），改变活性位点形状。
Denaturation: the irreversible loss of tertiary structure due to high temperature or extreme pH, breaking hydrogen and ionic bonds but not peptide bonds.
变性：由于高温或极端pH导致的三级结构不可逆破坏，氢键和离子键断裂，但肽键并未断裂。
4. Cell Structure Vocabulary | 细胞结构词汇
Nucleus: the control centre containing DNA; 'nucle-' means kernel or nut, hinting at its central role.
细胞核：含有DNA的控制中心；'nucle-' 意为核或仁，暗示其核心地位。
Nucleolus: the small dense region inside the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesised; think of it as the 'nucleus of the nucleus'.
核仁：细胞核内小而致密的区域，是核糖体RNA（rRNA）的合成场所；可视为“核中之核”。
Ribosome: a complex of rRNA and protein that carries out translation; 'ribo-' from ribonucleic acid and '-some' meaning body.
核糖体：由rRNA和蛋白质组成的复合物，执行翻译过程；'ribo-' 源自核糖核酸，'-some' 意为颗粒状小体。
Mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria): the site of aerobic respiration; 'mito-' means thread, 'chondrion' means grain, describing its sausage-like shape.
线粒体：有氧呼吸的场所；'mito-' 意为线，'chondrion' 意为颗粒，描述其香肠状的形态。
Chloroplast: the organelle where photosynthesis occurs; 'chloro-' = green, 'plast' = formed body, referencing the green pigment chlorophyll.
叶绿体：光合作用发生的细胞器；'chloro-' = 绿，'plast' = 成形体，指代其中的绿色色素叶绿素。
Lysosome: a membrane-bound vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes; 'lyso-' = dissolve, '-some' = body, hence a 'dissolving body' that breaks down waste.
溶酶体：含有水解酶的膜包囊泡；'lyso-' = 溶解，'-some' = 体，因此是一个分解废物的“溶解体”。
Golgi apparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids; think of it as the cell's 'post office', labelling and shipping vesicles.
高尔基体：修饰、分拣并包装蛋白质和脂质；可将其想象为细胞的“邮局”，负责标记并递送囊泡。
has ribosomes and synthesises proteins; smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesises lipids. 'Endo-' = within, 'plasmic' = cytoplasm, 'reticulum' = network.
内质网：粗面内质网附有核糖体，合成蛋白质；滑面内质网无核糖体，合成脂质。'Endo-'
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