📚 A-Level Sociology Glossary & Mnemonics Guide | A-Level社会学词汇速记指南
Mastering key terms is essential for high marks in Edexcel Year 12 Sociology. This guide groups core vocabulary by topic, provides clear definitions, and includes memory aids to help you recall them quickly in the exam. By linking each concept to real-life examples and simple mnemonics, you can build lasting connections between sociological ideas and terminology.
掌握关键术语是在Edexcel Year 12社会学考试中取得高分的基础。本指南按主题分组核心词汇，提供清晰的定义，并配有记忆辅助方法，帮助你在考场上快速回忆。通过将每个概念与现实例子和简单的速记法联系起来，你可以建立社会学思想与术语之间持久的联结。
1. Core Concepts | 核心概念
These foundational terms underpin all sociological analysis. Think of them as the 'building blocks' of society.
这些基础术语支撑着所有的社会学分析。可以把它们想象成社会的“积木”。
Society — A group of people sharing a common culture, institutions, and territory, bound by social relationships.
社会 ——共享共同文化、制度和领土，并由社会关系联结在一起的一群人。
Culture — The entire way of life of a society, including language, beliefs, norms, values, customs, and material objects.
文化 ——一个社会的整个生活方式，包括语言、信仰、规范、价值观、习俗和物质产品。
Norms — Unwritten rules of behaviour that guide how people act in specific situations (e.g. queuing, saying 'please').
规范 ——指导人们在特定情境下如何行为的不成文规则（例如排队、说“请”）。
Values — Broad, shared beliefs about what is desirable, good, and worthwhile in a society (e.g. honesty, equality).
价值观 ——关于社会中什么是可取的、好的、有价值的广泛共识（例如诚实、平等）。
Socialisation — The lifelong process by which individuals learn the norms and values of their culture; primary (family) and secondary (education, media, peers).
社会化 ——个体学习其文化规范和价值观的终身过程；初级社会化（家庭）和次级社会化（教育、媒体、同伴）。
Identity — How individuals see themselves and how others see them; shaped by factors such as gender, ethnicity, class, and age.
身份认同 ——个体如何看待自己以及他人如何看待自己；受性别、种族、阶级和年龄等因素塑造。
Status — A position in society that carries certain expectations; can be ascribed (born into) or achieved (earned).
地位 ——社会中带有某种期望的位置；可以是先赋的（与生俱来）或自致的（后天获得）。
Role — The behaviour expected of someone occupying a particular status (e.g. the role of a student involves studying, attending lessons).
角色 ——对占据特定地位之人的行为期望（例如学生的角色包括学习、上课）。
2. Theoretical Perspectives | 理论视角
Sociological theories provide different 'lenses' for viewing society. Remember them using the acronym 'FEMI': Functionalism, Marxism, Feminism, Interactionism.
社会学理论为观察社会提供了不同的“透镜”。用“FEMI”首字母来记忆：功能主义、马克思主义、女性主义、互动论。
Functionalism — Society is like a human body: each part (family, education, economy) functions to maintain stability and social order. Key thinkers: Durkheim, Parsons.
功能主义 ——社会如同人体：每个部分（家庭、教育、经济）都发挥着维持稳定和社会秩序的功能。主要思想家：涂尔干、帕森斯。
Marxism — Society is based on class conflict between the bourgeoisie (owners) and the proletariat (workers). The economic base shapes the superstructure (institutions). Key thinker: Karl Marx.
马克思主义 ——社会基于资产阶级（所有者）和无产阶级（工人）之间的阶级冲突。经济基础塑造上层建筑（制度）。主要思想家：卡尔·马克思。
Feminism — Focuses on gender inequalities and patriarchy as a system where men dominate women. Variants: liberal, radical, Marxist, intersectional.
女性主义 ——关注性别不平等和父权制这一男性支配女性的体系。变体：自由主义、激进、马克思主义、交叉性女性主义。
Interactionism — Studies small-scale, everyday interactions and how individuals interpret and give meaning to the social world. Key concept: labelling.
互动论 ——研究小范围、日常的互动，以及个体如何解释并赋予社会世界意义。核心概念：标签理论。
Social control — Formal (laws, police) and informal (peer pressure, family) ways society ensures conformity to norms. Mnemonic: 'Cops and Parents'.
社会控制 ——社会确保人们遵守规范的正式（法律、警察）和非正式（同伴压力、家庭）方式。速记：“警察与父母”。
Consensus vs. Conflict — Consensus theories (Functionalism) see society as harmonious; conflict theories (Marxism, Feminism) see it as based on power struggles.
共识论与冲突论 ——共识理论（功能主义）视社会为和谐；冲突理论（马克思主义、女性主义）视社会基于权力斗争。
3. Research Methods | 研究方法
Knowing how sociologists gather evidence is vital. Think 'P.E.T': Practical, Ethical, Theoretical issues influence choice of method.
了解社会学家如何收集证据至关重要。记住“P.E.T”：实践、伦理、理论问题影响方法选择。
Primary data — Information collected directly by the researcher (e.g. questionnaires, interviews, observations). Fresh but time-consuming.
一手数据 ——研究者直接收集的信息（如问卷、访谈、观察）。新鲜但耗时。
Secondary data — Information already collected by others (e.g. official statistics, historical documents, newspapers). Quick but may not fit perfectly.
二手数据 ——他人已收集的信息（如官方统计、历史文献、报纸）。快捷但可能不完全匹配。
Quantitative data — Numerical data, often analysed statistically. High in reliability but low in depth.
定量数据 ——数值数据，通常用统计方法分析。信度高但深度不足。
Qualitative data — Non-numerical, rich data about meanings and experiences. High in validity but harder to generalise.
定性数据 ——非数值的、关于意义和体验的丰富数据。效度高但难以推广。
Sampling — Selecting a smaller group to represent the target population. Types: random, stratified, snowball, opportunity.
抽样 ——选取一个更小的群体来代表目标总体。类型：随机、分层、滚雪球、便利抽样。
Validity — Does the research measure what it intends to? A true picture of social reality.
效度 ——研究是否测量了它想要测量的东西？反映社会现实的真实图景。
Reliability — Can the study be repeated and yield the same results? Consistency.
信度 ——研究能否被重复并得出相同结果？一致性。
Ethics — Moral principles guiding research: informed consent, confidentiality, protection from harm, avoiding deception.
伦理 ——指导研究的道德原则：知情同意、保密、免受伤害、避免欺骗。
4. Families: Key Terms | 家庭：关键术语
Family structures and relationships are central to the socialisation process. Remember the '5 Ds': Diversity, Domestic labour, Divorce, Demography, and (childhood as a social) Construction.
家庭结构与人际关系是社会化的核心。记住“5个D”：多样性、家务劳动、离婚、人口统计和（童年作为社会）建构。
Nuclear family — A household consisting of two married, heterosexual parents and their biological children. Functionalists see it as the 'natural' unit.
核心家庭 ——由一对已婚异性恋父母及其亲生子女组成的家庭。功能主义者视其为“自然”单位。
Extended family — Family beyond the nuclear unit, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, often living nearby or together.
扩展家庭 ——超出核心单位的家庭，包括祖父母、姑姑、叔叔，常住在附近或一起生活。
Patriarchy — A social system where men hold primary power and dominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, and control of property. Feminists highlight this in domestic division of labour.
父权制 ——一个男性掌握主要权力，在政治领导、道德权威和财产控制上占主导地位的社会体系。女性主义者在家务分工中突出这一点。
Symmetrical family — A family form where roles and responsibilities are shared more equally between partners (Young and Willmott). Mirror image but not necessarily identical.
对称家庭 ——伴侣之间角色和责任更平等分担的家庭形式（杨和威尔莫特）。镜像但未必完全相同。
Cohabitation — Living together as a couple without being married. Rising trend reflecting secularisation and changing attitudes.
同居 ——未结婚而作为伴侣共同居住。日益增长的趋势，反映了世俗化和态度的转变。
Divorce rate — The number of divorces per 1,000 married people. Increased due to legal changes, less stigma, and women's economic independence.
离婚率 ——每千名已婚人口中的离婚数量。因法律变迁、污名减少和女性经济独立而上升。
Child-centredness — The idea that children are the focus of family life, receiving emotional and material investment. Linked to the concept of childhood as a social construction.
儿童中心 ——认为儿童是家庭生活焦点，获得情感和物质投入的观念。与童年作为社会建构的概念相联系。
5. Education: Key Terms | 教育：关键术语
The education system both reproduces and challenges inequalities. Memorise the '3 Cs': Cultural capital, Correspondence principle, and Compensatory education.
教育体系既再生产不平等，也挑战不平等。记住“3个C”：文化资本、对应原则和补偿性教育。
Meritocracy — A system where success is based on ability, effort, and talent, not on background. Functionalists argue education is meritocratic; Marxists argue it is a myth.
精英统治 ——成功基于能力、努力和天赋，而非出身背景的制度。功能主义者认为教育是精英统治；马克思主义者则认为这是神话。
Cultural capital — The knowledge, language, attitudes, and tastes valued by the education system, typically possessed by the middle class (Bourdieu).
文化资本 ——教育体系所珍视的知识、语言、态度和品味，通常为中产阶级所拥有（布迪厄）。
Hidden curriculum — The informal lessons taught in school beyond the official syllabus, such as obedience, punctuality, and respect for hierarchy.
隐性课程 ——在学校官方教学大纲之外传授的非正式课程，如服从、守时和尊重等级。
Labelling — Attaching a meaning or definition to a pupil (e.g. 'bright', 'troublemaker'). Can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy where the pupil acts according to that label.
贴标签 ——给一名学生附加某种意义或定义（如“聪明”、“捣蛋鬼”）。可能导致自我实现预言，学生按该标签行事。
Marketisation — Making schools compete for pupils like businesses, through league tables, open enrolment, and formula funding. Creates an 'education market'.
市场化 ——通过排名表、开放入学和公式拨款，使学校像企业一样竞争生源。创造了“教育市场”。
Compensatory education — Additional resources or programmes aimed at disadvantaged groups to overcome cultural and material deprivation (e.g. Pupil Premium).
补偿性教育 ——旨在帮助弱势群体克服文化剥夺和物质匮乏的额外资源或项目（如学生津贴）。
Material deprivation — Lack of physical resources (income, housing, books) that can hinder educational achievement.
物质剥夺 ——缺乏可能阻碍教育成就的物质资源（收入、住房、书籍）。
6. Social Stratification: Key Terms | 社会分层：关键术语
Stratification refers to the structured inequalities between groups. Link 'L.I.F.E.': Life chances, Income & wealth, Functionalist vs Marxist views, and Elite.
分层指群体之间结构化的不平等。联系“L.I.F.E.”：生活机会、收入与财富、功能主义与马克思主义观点、精英。
Social class — A division of society based on economic factors, often measured by occupation (e.g. working class, middle class).
社会阶级 ——基于经济因素的社会划分，常以职业衡量（如工人阶级、中产阶级）。
Social mobility — Movement of individuals or groups between social strata. Can be upward or downward; intergenerational (between generations) or intragenerational (within a person's lifetime).
社会流动 ——个体或群体在社会阶层之间的移动。可以是向上或向下的；代际流动（两代人之间）或代内流动（个人一生之内）。
Life chances — The opportunities people have to obtain desirable things such as health, education, and good housing. Strongly influenced by class, gender, and ethnicity.
生活机会 ——人们获得健康、教育、良好住房等可欲之物的机会。深受阶级、性别和种族影响。
Absolute poverty — A condition where people lack basic necessities such as food, clean water, and shelter. Often defined by a fixed threshold.
绝对贫困 ——人们缺乏食物、清洁水和住所等基本必需品的情况。常以固定门槛界定。
Relative poverty — Being poor compared to the average living standards of the society in which one lives. Usually set at below 60% of median income.
相对贫困 ——与所在社会平均生活水平相比处于贫困状态。通常设为低于中位收入60%。
Underclass — A group at the bottom of the class structure, experiencing long-term unemployment, poverty, and welfare dependency (Murray). Contentious term.
底层阶级 ——处于阶级结构底部，经历长期失业、贫困和福利依赖的群体（默里）。争议性术语。
Weberian stratification — Class, status, and party (power) are three distinct dimensions of inequality, not just economic class (Max Weber).
韦伯分层理论 ——阶级、地位和党派（权力）是不平等的三个独立维度，而不仅仅是经济阶级（马克斯·韦伯）。
7. Crime and Deviance: Key Terms | 犯罪与偏差：关键术语
Deviance and crime challenge social order. Use 'RADICAL' to recall: Relativity, Anomie, Deviance amplification, Interactionist labelling, Corporate crime, and 'D' for Differential association.
偏差与犯罪挑战社会秩序。用“RADICAL”来记忆：相对性、失范、偏差放大、互动论标签、企业犯罪，以及“D”代表差异交往。
Deviance — Behaviour that violates the norms or expectations of a group or society. It is socially constructed, varying across time and culture.
偏差 ——违背群体或社会规范或期望的行为。它是社会建构的，随时间和文化而变化。
Crime — An act that breaks the formal written law, punishable by the state. Not all deviance is criminal; not all crime is seen as deviant.
犯罪 ——违反正式成文法、可被国家惩罚的行为。并非所有偏差都是犯罪；并非所有犯罪都被视为偏差。
Anomie — A state of normlessness where society's norms no longer control individuals' behaviour (Durkheim). Occurs during rapid social change, leading to higher crime.
失范 ——社会规范不再控制个体行为的无规范状态（涂尔干）。发生在快速社会变革期，导致犯罪率上升。
Labelling theory — Once labelled as deviant or criminal, an individual may internalise that label and act accordingly, leading to secondary deviance (Becker, Lemert).
标签理论 ——一旦被贴上偏差或犯罪标签，个体可能内化该标签并据此行动，导致次级偏差（贝克尔、莱默特）。
White-collar crime — Crimes committed by people in positions of power, typically within business or professional settings (e.g. fraud, embezzlement). Sutherland's concept.
白领犯罪 ——由处于权力位置的人，通常在商业或职业环境中犯下的罪行（如欺诈、挪用公款）。萨瑟兰的概念。
Moral panic — An exaggerated public concern over a particular group or issue, fuelled by the media, leading to a crackdown (Cohen, mods & rockers).
道德恐慌 ——媒体煽动的对某类群体或议题的过度公众担忧，导致镇压（科恩，摩登族与摇滚族）。
Subculture — A group with its own norms and values that differ from the mainstream, often formed as a response to blocked opportunities (e.g. delinquent subcultures).
亚文化 ——一套与主流不同的自身规范和价值观的群体，常因机会受阻而形成（如越轨亚文化）。
8. Mnemonic Strategies & Exam Tips | 速记策略与考试技巧
Retaining sociological vocabulary becomes easier when you actively encode terms into stories, images, and acronyms. Apply the 'C.R.A.M.' approach: Connect, Rephrase, Acronymise, and Mind-map.
当你主动将术语编码为故事、图像和首字母缩略词时，记住社会学词汇会变得更容易。应用“C.R.A.M.”方法：连接、转述、缩略词化和思维导图。
Connect — Link each term to a vivid personal example. For instance, think of 'material deprivation' as a classmate who can't afford internet at home. The emotional hook strengthens recall.
连接 ——将每个术语与一个生动的个人例子联系起来。例如，把“物质剥夺”想象成一位家中买不起网络的同班同学。情感钩子能强化记忆。
Rephrase — Explain the term in your own words as if teaching a friend. This forces deep processing and highlights any gaps in understanding.
转述 ——像教朋友一样用自己的话解释术语。这会迫使深层加工，并凸显理解上的空白。
Acronymise — Create acronyms for clusters of related ideas (e.g. 'P.E.T' for practical, ethical, theoretical issues in research methods). Rhymes and silly sentences also work wonders.
缩略词化 ——为相关的概念群创制首字母缩略词（如研究方法中的“P.E.T”代表实践、伦理、理论问题）。押韵和荒诞的句子也很有奇效。
Mind-map — Draw a visual web showing relationships between theories, studies, and concepts. Color-code perspectives (e.g. red for Marxism, blue for Functionalism).
思维导图 ——绘制出显示理论、研究、概念之间关系的视觉网络。为不同视角进行颜色编码（如红色代表马克思主义，蓝色代表功能主义）。
Apply to exam questions — Always define key terms at the start of your essay paragraphs. Use the acronym 'P.E.E.L' (Point, Evidence, Explanation, Link) and embed terminology explicitly.
应用于考题 ——始终在论文段落开头定义关键术语。使用“P.E.E.L”结构（观点、证据、解释、联系），并明确嵌入术语。
Active recall & flashcards — Write the term on one side of a card and the definition + example on the other. Test yourself regularly, spacing out retrieval sessions across weeks.
主动回忆与抽认卡 ——在卡片一面写下术语，另一面写下定义和例子。定期自我测试，将提取练习间隔到几周内。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图