📚 Year 11 CIE History: Case Study Practical Exercises | Year 11 CIE 历史：案例分析实战演练
Mastering source-based case studies is essential for success in CIE IGCSE History. This guide walks you through practical analytical skills and offers a worked example to boost your confidence.
掌握基于资料的案例分析是 CIE IGCSE 历史考试成功的关键。本指南将带您实践分析技能，并通过一个详细示例增强您的信心。
1. Understanding the Question Types | 理解题目类型
Typical source-based questions in Paper 2 follow a structure: (a) comprehension, (b) comparison, and (c) utility/reliability evaluation.
试卷二中典型的资料题结构为：(a) 理解，(b) 比较，以及 (c) 功用或可靠性评估。
Part (a) asks you to extract information directly from a source. Part (b) requires you to compare two sources, identifying similarities and differences in their content or tone. Part (c) demands a judgement on how reliable or useful a source is for a specific historical enquiry, drawing on both content and provenance.
(a) 题要求直接从资料中提取信息。(b) 题要求比较两个资料，找出它们内容或语气上的异同。(c) 题要求针对某个具体历史问题，结合资料内容与出处，评判其可靠性或有用性。
2. The '5 Ws' Approach to Source Analysis | 资料分析的“5个W”方法
Start every source analysis by asking five key questions. This habit builds a solid foundation for evaluation.
每次分析资料时，先问五个关键问题。这一习惯为评估打下坚实基础。
- Who – Who created the source and what was their role, nationality or affiliation? 谁 – 谁创作了这个资料，他们的角色、国籍或所属机构是什么？
- What – What type of source is it (e.g. letter, speech, cartoon, official document)? 什么 – 这是什么类型的资料（如信件、演讲、漫画、官方文件）？
- When – When was it produced? Was it at the time of the event or later as a memoir? 何时 – 它是在何时创作的？是在事件发生之时，还是事后作为回忆录而成？
- Where – Where was it created? The location can hint at access to information. 何地 – 它是在哪里创作的？地点可以暗示信息获取的渠道。
- Why – Why was the source created? Was it to inform, persuade, justify an action, or entertain? 为何 – 这个资料为何而创作？是为了告知、说服、为某行为辩护，还是娱乐？
3. Evaluating Reliability | 评估可靠性
Reliability refers to the trustworthiness of the information. Do not simply claim a source is unreliable because it is biased; bias exists in every source.
可靠性指的是信息的可信度。不要仅仅因为一个资料带有偏见就声称它不可靠；偏见存在于每个资料中。
Instead, weigh up the purpose, audience, and the author's ability to know the truth. A public speech by a politician may be biased, but it can still be reliable for revealing that politician's aims.
相反，要权衡其目的、受众以及作者了解真相的能力。政治人物的公开演讲可能有偏见，但它仍然可以可靠地揭示该政治人物的目标。
Use phrases like: 'The source is reliable for proving... but less reliable for showing... because...' Always link to the nature, origin and purpose.
使用类似表述：'该资料对于证明……是可靠的，但对于反映……并不可靠，因为……'。始终将判断与资料的性质、来源和目的联系起来。
4. Assessing Usefulness | 评估有用性
Usefulness differs from reliability. A source can be highly unreliable yet still useful for understanding attitudes or propaganda.
有用性与可靠性不同。一个资料可能非常不可靠，但对于了解某种态度或宣传仍然非常有用。
To assess usefulness, ask: What can this source tell us that other sources cannot? Does it provide a unique perspective or reveal contemporary emotions?
评估有用性时要问：这个资料能告诉我们什么其他资料无法告诉我们的东西？它是否提供了一个独特的视角，或揭示了当时的情绪？
A balanced answer acknowledges both strengths and limitations of the source, and might conclude: 'Overall, the source is moderately useful because...'
一个平衡的答案要同时指出该资料的优势与局限，并可能得出结论：'总体而言，该资料有一定用处，因为……'。
5. Cross-Referencing Sources | 交叉比对资料
For part (b) comparison questions, map out agreements and disagreements. Do not just summarise each source separately; synthesise the comparison.
对于(b)题比较题，要梳理出相同与分歧。不要仅仅分别总结每个资料；要综合比较。
Use language such as: 'Source A suggests that... whereas Source B argues that... Both sources agree on..., but their emphasis differs because...'
使用如下语言：'资料A暗示……，而资料B则主张……。两个资料在……上意见一致，但其侧重点有所不同，因为……'。
Always ground your comparison in the context of the event. A few words of background knowledge can explain why the sources diverge.
始终将比较置于事件背景中。用少许背景知识就可以解释为何资料会存在分歧。
6. Detecting Bias and Perspective | 识别偏见和视角
Bias is a personal, one-sided viewpoint. Look for emotionally charged language, deliberate omissions, or sweeping generalisations.
偏见是一种个人的、片面的观点。注意带有强烈感情色彩的措辞、故意的遗漏或笼统的概括。
When you identify bias, do not just label it. Explain how the bias might have influenced the content. For example, a British cartoon depicting the USSR as a bear may exaggerate and dehumanise, but it reveals Western fears.
识别出偏见后，不要仅仅贴上标签。要解释偏见可能如何影响了内容。例如，一幅把苏联描绘成熊的英国漫画可能夸大和非人化，但它揭示了西方的恐惧。
Students often confuse bias with reliability. Bias does not equal unreliability; it is a factor to consider alongside the creator's knowledge and the source's consistency with other evidence.
学生常将偏见与可靠性混淆。偏见不等于不可靠；它是需要与创作者的知识以及该资料与其他证据的一致性一起考虑的一个因素。
7. Analysing Message and Purpose | 分析信息和目的
Every source conveys a message. For cartoons and posters, identify the main point being communicated and the technique (caricature, symbolism, labelling) used to deliver it.
每个资料都传达一个信息。对于漫画和海报，要找出所传达的主要观点以及用来传递这一观点的技法（夸张、象征、标注）。
Ask: What is the source trying to make the audience think, feel, or do? The answer often links to contemporary political goals, such as rallying support for war or undermining an opponent.
试问：这个资料试图让受众思考、感受或做什么？答案往往与当时的政治目标相关，如为战争争取支持或削弱对手。
When writing about purpose, use terms like 'to persuade', 'to justify', 'to commemorate', or 'to expose'. Always tie the purpose back to historical context.
在描述目的时，使用'说服'、'辩护'、'纪念'或'揭露'等词汇。始终将目的与历史背景联系起来。
8. Structuring Answers with PEEL | 用PEEL法构建答案
For evaluation questions (especially part c), use the PEEL framework: Point, Evidence, Explain, Link.
对于评估题（尤其是c题），使用PEEL框架：观点、证据、解释、关联。
- Point – Make a clear judgement about reliability/usefulness. 观点 – 对可靠性/有用性作出明确判断。
- Evidence – Quote or paraphrase from the source to support your point. 证据 – 引用或转述资料中的内容来支持观点。
- Explain – Show how the evidence connects to the point, discussing provenance and context. 解释 – 说明证据如何与观点相联系，讨论资料出处和背景。
- Link – Relate your analysis back to the overall historical enquiry or to another source. 关联 – 将你的分析与总体历史探究或另一个资料联系起来。
This structure ensures you cover all assessment objectives and avoid mere description.
这种结构确保你覆盖所有评估目标，避免单纯的描述。
9. Practice Case: The Berlin Blockade (1948-49) | 案例演练：柏林封锁 (1948-49)
Apply these skills to a real scenario. Examine the following two fictionalised sources based on historical records.
将这些技能应用到真实情境中。分析以下两个根据历史记录编写的模拟资料。
Source A: A letter from a West Berlin housewife to her relatives in Bonn, July 1948: 'We are surviving thanks to the American planes. Every day the roar of engines brings hope. Without them, we would starve. The Soviets have cut off all roads, but they cannot cut off the sky.'
资料A： 一位西柏林家庭主妇1948年7月写给波恩亲戚的信：'多亏了美国的飞机，我们才能活下去。引擎的轰鸣每天都带来希望。没有他们，我们就会挨饿。苏联切断了所有的道路，但他们无法切断天空。'
Source B: A Soviet newspaper article, August 1948: 'The so-called "airlift" is a propaganda stunt by the imperialist West. It cannot seriously supply two million people. The Berlin situation is a direct result of Western
Published by TutorHao | Year 11 History Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图