📚 Case Study Practice for CIE Year 11 Psychology | Year 11 CIE 心理学案例分析实战演练
Welcome to your ultimate revision guide on case studies for the CIE Year 11 Psychology course. This article walks you through everything you need to know about the case study method, famous examples, and how to tackle exam questions with confidence.
欢迎阅读针对CIE十一年级心理学课程的案例研究终极复习指南。本文将带你了解案例研究方法的所有必备知识、著名实例，以及如何自信应对考试题目。
1. What is a Case Study? | 什么是案例研究？
A case study is a research method that involves an in-depth, detailed investigation of a single person, group or event. Researchers collect rich qualitative data, and sometimes quantitative data, using a variety of techniques such as interviews, observations and psychometric tests.
案例研究是一种对单个人、群体或事件进行深入详细调查的研究方法。研究人员通过访谈、观察和心理测量测试等多种技术收集丰富的定性数据，有时也包括定量数据。
Unlike experiments, case studies do not manipulate variables; they focus on understanding the subject in its real-life context.
与实验不同，案例研究不操纵变量；它们侧重于在现实生活情境中理解研究对象。
The aim is often to gain a holistic understanding of unusual or rare phenomena that cannot be studied experimentally due to ethical or practical reasons.
其目的通常是全面了解由于伦理或实际原因无法通过实验研究的罕见或异常现象。
2. Why Are Case Studies Used in Psychology? | 心理学中为什么使用案例研究？
Psychologists use case studies to explore behaviours, thoughts and emotions that are difficult to replicate in a laboratory. For example, studying a person with a unique brain injury can reveal how specific brain areas function.
心理学家使用案例研究来探索在实验室中难以复制的行为、思维和情绪。例如，研究独特脑损伤个体可以揭示特定大脑区域的功能。
Case studies are particularly valuable in clinical and neuropsychology, where individual differences are the focus.
案例研究在临床心理学和神经心理学中特别有价值，这些领域关注个体差异。
They also allow researchers to generate hypotheses for future experimental or correlational research.
它们还能让研究者为未来的实验或相关研究提出假设。
3. Key Features of a Case Study | 案例研究的关键特征
A case study typically uses a single participant or a small group, employing multiple sources of data (triangulation) to increase validity.
案例研究通常使用单个参与者或小团体，利用多种数据来源（三角验证法）以提高效度。
Longitudinal design is common, meaning the same participant is studied over a long period of time.
纵向设计很常见，即对同一参与者进行长期研究。
Data can include interviews with the participant and family, observations, diary entries, test scores, and even brain scans.
数据可包括对参与者及其家人的访谈、观察、日记记录、测试分数乃至脑部扫描。
4. Famous Case Studies in Psychology | 心理学中的著名案例研究
Two landmark case studies that every Year 11 student should know are the case of HM and the case of Little Hans.
每个十一年级学生都应了解的两项里程碑式案例研究是HM案例和小汉斯案例。
HM provided crucial insights into the role of the hippocampus in memory formation. Little Hans, analysed by Freud, supported psychodynamic ideas about phobias and the Oedipus complex.
HM为理解海马体在记忆形成中的作用提供了关键见解。弗洛伊德对小汉斯的分析支持了恐惧症和俄狄浦斯情结的心理动力学观点。
Other notable case studies include Phineas Gage (frontal lobe and personality), Clive Wearing (amnesia), and Genie (language deprivation).
其他知名案例研究包括菲尼亚斯·盖奇（额叶与人格）、克莱夫·韦尔林（遗忘症）和吉妮（语言剥夺）。
5. Case Study: The Story of HM (Milner, 1966) | 案例研究：HM的故事（Milner，1966）
HM (Henry Molaison) suffered from severe epilepsy. In 1953, surgeons removed parts of his medial temporal lobe, including most of the hippocampus, to control seizures.
HM（亨利·莫莱森）患有严重癫痫。1953年，外科医生切除了他颞叶内侧的部分组织，包括大部分海马体，以控制癫痫发作。
After surgery, HM's epilepsy improved, but he developed profound anterograde amnesia – he could no longer form new long-term memories. Retrograde amnesia for events shortly before surgery was also present.
手术后，HM的癫痫有所好转，但他患上了严重的顺行性遗忘症——他无法形成新的长期记忆。对手术前不久的事件也出现了逆行性遗忘。
Brenda Milner conducted detailed cognitive tests with HM over many years. She discovered that his short-term memory and procedural memory were intact; for example, he could learn new motor skills like mirror drawing.
布伦达·米尔纳对HM进行了多年细致的认知测试。她发现他的短时记忆和程序性记忆完好无损；例如，他能学会新的动作技能，如镜像绘画。
This case study demonstrated that the hippocampus is essential for transferring information from short-term to long-term declarative memory, but not for procedural memory.
这项案例研究表明，海马体对于将信息从短时记忆转化为长时陈述性记忆至关重要，但对程序性记忆并非必需。
HM's identity was kept confidential until his death in 2008, raising ethical considerations about prolonged research without full consent.
HM的身份一直保密至2008年去世，这也引发了关于在缺乏完全同意的情况下进行长期研究的伦理考量。
6. Case Study: Little Hans (Freud, 1909) | 案例研究：小汉斯（弗洛伊德，1909）
Little Hans was a 5-year-old boy with a fear of horses. Freud used this case to illustrate his theory of the Oedipus complex and the psychosexual stages.
小汉斯是一个害怕马的5岁男孩。弗洛伊德利用这一案例阐释他的俄狄浦斯情结理论和性心理发展阶段。
Hans's father, a follower of Freud, reported the boy's dreams and conversations via letters. Freud interpreted that Hans's fear of horses symbolised a fear of his father, related to castration anxiety.
汉斯的父亲是弗洛伊德的追随者，通过书信报告了男孩的梦和对话。弗洛伊德解释说，汉斯对马的恐惧象征着对父亲的恐惧，这与阉割焦虑有关。
The phobia was resolved when Hans eventually identified with his father and repressed his hostile feelings. Freud claimed this supported his theories of infant sexuality.
当汉斯最终认同父亲并压抑了敌意后，恐惧症消失了。弗洛伊德声称这支持了他的幼儿性欲理论。
Critics point out that Freud never met Hans directly and that his analysis was highly subjective, relying on the father's reports. However, it remains a famous illustration of the case study method in psychodynamic psychology.
批评者指出，弗洛伊德从未直接见过汉斯，其分析高度主观，依赖于父亲的报告。然而，这仍是用案例研究方法说明心理动力学心理学的著名实例。
7. Strengths of Case Studies | 案例研究的优点
Case studies provide rich, detailed data that can reveal deep insights into unusual behaviours, contributing to theory development.
案例研究提供丰富详细的数据，能揭示异常行为的深刻见解，有助于理论发展。
They allow the study of phenomena that would be impossible or unethical to create experimentally, such as brain damage or extreme deprivation.
它们允许研究那些在实验中不可能或不道德的现象，如脑损伤或极端剥夺。
Longitudinal case studies can capture changes over time and show cause-and-effect in a natural setting.
纵向案例研究能捕获随时间变化的过程，并在自然环境中展示因果关系。
Triangulation of methods increases the validity of the findings.
方法的三角验证提高了发现结果的效度。
8. Weaknesses of Case Studies | 案例研究的缺点
Case studies usually involve a single participant or a very small sample, so findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
案例研究通常只涉及单个参与者或极小样本，因此结果不能推广到更广泛的人群。
The reliance on retrospective data and self-reports can lead to memory distortion and social desirability bias.
依赖回顾性数据和自我报告可能导致记忆扭曲和社会赞许性偏差。
Researcher bias is a problem because the researcher may interpret data subjectively, especially in psychodynamic case studies.
研究者偏见是一个问题，因为研究者可能主观解读数据，特别是在心理动力学案例研究中。
It is difficult to replicate case studies exactly, lowering reliability.
难以精确复制案例研究，降低了信度。
9. Ethical Considerations in Case Studies | 案例研究中的伦理考量
Confidentiality and anonymity are crucial; participants' identities must be protected, as seen with HM and Genie.
保密和匿名至关重要；必须保护参与者身份，如HM和吉妮的案例所示。
Informed consent can be challenging if the participant has cognitive impairments, so researchers must seek consent from legal guardians.
如果参与者有认知障碍，获得知情同意可能很困难，研究者必须征得法定监护人的同意。
The right to withdraw must be respected, but in long-term studies like HM's, this becomes complex as the participant may forget they are in a study.
必须尊重退出权，但在HM这样的长期研究中，这变得复杂，因为参与者可能忘记自己正在参与研究。
Protection from harm includes psychological harm; sharing sensitive details publicly can distress participants or their families.
避免伤害包括心理伤害；公开敏感细节可能给参与者或其家人带来困扰。
10. How to Answer Exam Questions on Case Studies | 如何回答案例研究的考试题目
Typical CIE exam questions ask you to 'Describe one study that used the case study method' or 'Evaluate the use of case studies in psychology'.
典型的CIE考题要求你'描述一项使用案例研究法的研究'或'评价案例研究在心理学中的应用'。
For a 6-mark describe question, you need to outline the aim, participant, procedure and findings clearly and concisely. Do not include evaluation unless asked.
对于6分描述题，你需要简明扼要地概述目的、参与者、程序和发现。除非题目要求，否则不要加入评价。
For an evaluation question, you must discuss strengths and weaknesses explicitly, linking each point to the specific study you have chosen.
对于评价题，你必须明确讨论优点和缺点，并将每一点联系到你选择的具体研究。
Always use key terminology: case study, longitudinal, triangulation, qualitative data, generalisability, etc.
始终使用关键术语：案例研究、纵向、三角验证、定性数据、可推广性等。
11. Practice: Writing a 6-Mark Response | 实战：撰写6分答案
Question: 'Describe one study in psychology that used the case study method. Include the aim, the participant, the procedure and the findings in your answer.' (6 marks)
题目：“描述心理学中使用案例研究法的一项研究。在你的回答中包括研究目的、参与者、程序和研究结果。”（6分）
Below is a model answer using HM. You can learn the structure and key details.
下面是一个使用HM的范例答案。你可以学习其结构和关键细节。
The study by Brenda Milner (1966) aimed to investigate the effects of brain surgery on memory in a patient known as HM. HM was a man who had suffered from severe epilepsy and, in 1953, had his hippocampus and surrounding areas surgically removed to reduce seizures.
布伦达·米尔纳（1966）的研究旨在调查一名被称为HM的患者在脑部手术后对记忆的影响。HM曾患有严重癫痫，1953年切除了海马体及周边区域以减少癫痫发作。
The procedure involved longitudinal observations and cognitive tests over many years. Milner used tasks such as recalling word lists, recognising faces and learning mirror drawing. She also conducted interviews with HM and his family.
研究程序包括多年的纵向观察和认知测试。米尔纳使用了回忆单词表、识别面孔和学习镜像绘画等任务。她还采访了HM及其家人。
The findings showed that HM retained short-term memory but could not form new long-term declarative memories. He could, however, learn new motor skills without remembering the training sessions. This indicated that the hippocampus is crucial for transferring memories from short-term to long-term storage.
研究结果显示，HM保留了短时记忆，但无法形成新的长时陈述性记忆。然而，他可以在不记得训练过程的情况下学会新的动作技能。这表明海马体对于将记忆从短期存储转移到长期存储至关重要。
Note how the answer directly addresses all four elements. Practise writing your own version with different case studies like Little Hans or Clive Wearing. Published by TutorHao | Year 11 Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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