📚 Year 11 CIE Economics: Core Knowledge Summary | Year 11 CIE 经济：核心知识点梳理
This article provides a comprehensive summary of the essential topics covered in the CIE IGCSE Economics syllabus for Year 11 students. It is designed to help you consolidate your understanding and prepare effectively for examinations.
本文为 Year 11 学习 CIE IGCSE 经济的学生梳理了核心知识点，旨在帮助你巩固理解并高效备考。
1. The Basic Economic Problem | 基本经济问题
The fundamental economic problem is scarcity: unlimited wants but limited resources.
基本经济问题是稀缺性：无限的欲望与有限的资源之间的矛盾。
Economics studies how societies allocate scarce resources to satisfy as many wants as possible.
经济学研究社会如何分配稀缺资源以满足尽可能多的需求。
The three basic economic questions are: What to produce? How to produce? For whom to produce?
三个基本经济问题是：生产什么？如何生产？为谁生产？
Opportunity cost is the next best alternative foregone when a choice is made.
机会成本是指做出选择时所放弃的次优替代品。
A production possibility curve (PPC) shows the maximum combinations of two goods an economy can produce with full employment of resources. Points inside the curve indicate inefficiency, while points outside are unattainable.
生产可能性曲线（PPC）展示了一个经济体在资源充分利用时能够生产的两种商品的最大组合。曲线内的点表示无效率，曲线外的点则无法达到。
Economic growth causes an outward shift of the PPC, while resource depletion shifts it inward.
经济增长会使 PPC 向外移动，而资源耗减则使其向内移动。
2. Demand and Supply | 需求与供给
Demand is the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices over a period of time. The law of demand states that, ceteris paribus, as price rises, quantity demanded falls.
需求是指消费者在一段时间内愿意并能够以不同价格购买的商品数量。需求定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，价格上升，需求量下降。
Factors that shift the demand curve include changes in income, tastes, prices of substitutes and complements, population, and advertising.
导致需求曲线移动的因素包括收入变化、偏好、替代品和互补品的价格、人口以及广告。
Supply is the quantity of a good that producers are willing and able to sell at various prices. The law of supply states that, ceteris paribus, as price rises, quantity supplied increases.
供给是指生产者愿意并能够以不同价格出售的商品数量。供给定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，价格上升，供给量增加。
Supply curve shifts are caused by changes in costs of production, technology, taxes and subsidies, weather (for agricultural goods), and the number of sellers.
供给曲线移动的原因包括生产成本变化、技术进步、税收和补贴、天气条件（农产品）以及卖家的数量。
| Demand-side shifters | Supply-side shifters |
| Income (normal vs inferior goods) | Cost of factors of production |
| Price of substitutes and complements | Technology improvements |
| Tastes and preferences | Indirect taxes and subsidies |
| Advertising and population changes | Weather and number of firms |
需求侧移动因素：收入（正常品/劣等品）、替代品和互补品价格、偏好、广告、人口。供给侧移动因素：生产要素成本、技术、税收与补贴、天气、企业数量。
3. Price Elasticity of Demand and Supply | 需求与供给的价格弹性
Price elasticity of demand (PED) measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. It is calculated as:
需求的价格弹性（PED）衡量需求量对价格变化的反应程度。它的计算公式为：
PED = % change in quantity demanded ÷ % change in price
PED = 需求量变化的百分比 ÷ 价格变化的百分比
rfectly elastic demand is horizontal (PED = ∞), perfectly inelastic is vertical (PED = 0).
当 PED > 1 时，需求富有弹性；PED < 1 时需求缺乏弹性；PED = 1 时为单位弹性。完全弹性需求曲线是水平的（PED = ∞），完全无弹性是垂直的（PED = 0）。
city of supply (PES) measures how responsive quantity supplied is to a price change. PES = % change in quantity supplied ÷ % change in price.
供给的价格弹性（PES）衡量供给量对价格变化的反应程度。PES = 供给量变化的百分比 ÷ 价格变化的百分比。
Determinants of PED include substitutes, necessity vs luxury, proportion of income, and time. PES is influenced by production time, spare capacity, and storage ability.
影响 PED 的因素有替代品、必需品还是奢侈品、占收入的比例以及时间。影响 PES 的因素包括生产时间、闲置产能和储存能力。
4. Market Equilibrium and the Price Mechanism | 市场均衡与价格机制
Market equilibrium occurs where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied, determining the equilibrium price and quantity.
市场均衡发生在需求量等于供给量时，从而确定均衡价格和均衡数量。
Excess demand occurs when price is below equilibrium, creating upward pressure on price. Excess supply occurs when price is above equilibrium, causing price to fall.
当价格低于均衡水平时出现超额需求，推动价格上涨；当价格高于均衡水平时出现超额供给，导致价格下跌。
The price mechanism performs three key functions: signalling, rationing, and incentivising. It helps allocate scarce resources efficiently without central planning.
价格机制发挥着三大功能：信号传递、配给和提供激励。它可以在没有中央计划的情况下有效分配稀缺资源。
Shifts in demand or supply lead to new equilibrium outcomes. For example, an increase in demand raises both price and quantity; an increase in supply lowers price and raises quantity.
需求或供给的移动会导致新的均衡结果。例如，需求增加会使价格和数量都上升；供给增加则会使价格下降、数量上升。
5. Factors of Production and Market Structures | 生产要素与市场结构
The four factors of production are land, labour, capital, and enterprise. Each earns a reward: rent, wages, interest, and profit respectively.
四种生产要素是土地、劳动、资本和企业精神。各自获得的报酬分别为：地租、工资、利息和利润。
Specialisation and division of labour increase productivity, but can lead to worker boredom and interdependence.
专业化和劳动分工提高了生产率，但可能导致工人厌倦和相互依赖。
Firms can be classified by size: small, medium, large. Growth can be internal (organic) or external via mergers and acquisitions.
企业可按规模分类：小型、中型、大型。增长可以是内部（有机）增长，也可以通过并购实现外部增长。
Perfect competition features many buyers and sellers, homogeneous products, free entry and exit, and perfect information. Monopoly exists when a single firm dominates the market, setting prices above the competitive level.
完全竞争的特征包括许多买方和卖方、同质产品、自由进出和完全信息。垄断则是单个企业主导市场，可以将价格定在高于竞争水平的位置。
Competition generally benefits consumers through lower prices, higher quality, and more choice. Monopolies may exploit market power, requiring government regulation.
竞争通常使消费者受益，带来更低的价格、更高的质量和更多选择。垄断可能滥用市场力量，因此需要政府监管。
6. Market Failure | 市场失灵
Market failure occurs when the free market fails to allocate resources efficiently. Common causes include externalities, public goods, information gaps, and market power.
当自由市场无法有效配置资源时，便出现市场失灵。常见原因包括外部性、公共物品、信息不对称和市场支配力。
Externalities are spillover effects on third parties. Negative externalities (e.g. pollution) lead to overproduction; positive externalities (e.g. education) lead to underproduction.
外部性是对第三方的溢出效应。负外部性（如污染）导致生产过剩；正外部性（如教育）导致生产不足。
Public goods are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, e.g. street lighting. The free-rider problem means they are underprovided by the market.
公共物品具有非排他性和非竞争性，例如路灯。搭便车问题导致市场提供的公共物品不足。
Government intervention to correct market failure includes taxation, subsidies, regulation, and direct provision. However, government failure can also arise if interventions are inefficient.
政府纠正市场失灵的干预措施包括征税、补贴、监管和直接提供。然而，如果干预措施低效，也可能出现政府失灵。
7. Macroeconomic Objectives and Indicators | 宏观经济目标与指标
Governments typically pursue these macroeconomic objectives: economic growth, full employment/low unemployment, price stability (low inflation), balance of payments equilibrium, and equitable income distribution.
政府通常追求以下宏观经济目标：经济增长、充分就业/低失业率、物价稳定（低通胀）、国际收支平衡以及公平的收入分配。
Key indicators include GDP (Gross Domestic Product), the rate of inflation measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), and the unemployment rate.
关键指标有国内生产总值（GDP）、通过消费者物价指数（CPI）衡量的通货膨胀率以及失业率。
Economic growth is measured by the percentage increase in real GDP. Potential conflicts exist between objectives, e.g. rapid growth may cause inflation.
经济增长以实际 GDP 增长的百分比衡量。目标之间可能存在冲突，例如快速增长可能导致通货膨胀。
Inflation refers to a sustained increase in the general price level. Demand-pull inflation is caused by excessive aggregate demand; cost-push inflation arises from rising production costs.
通货膨胀是指一般物价水平的持续上升。需求拉动型通胀由过度总需求引起；成本推动型通胀源于生产成本上升。
Unemployment measures those who are willing and able to work but cannot find jobs. Types include cyclical, structural, frictional, and seasonal.
失业衡量的是愿意并能够工作但找不到工作的人。失业类型包括周期性、结构性、摩擦性和季节性失业。
8. Government Policies | 政府政策
Fiscal policy involves changes in government spending and taxation to influence the economy. Expansionary fiscal policy (higher spending, lower taxes) boosts demand; contractionary policy does the opposite.
财政政策通过改变政府支出和税收来影响经济。扩张性财政政策（增加支出、减税）刺激需求；紧缩性政策则相反。
Monetary policy uses interest rates, money supply, and exchange rates to manage economic activity. Lower interest rates encourage borrowing and spending.
货币政策通过利率、货币供应和汇率来调控经济活动。较低的利率鼓励借贷和消费。
Supply-side policies aim to increase the economy's productive capacity, e.g. education, training, tax reforms, and privatisation.
供给侧政策旨在提高经济的生产能力，例如教育、培训、税制改革和私有化。
Governments also use direct controls such as regulation, price controls, and quotas to correct imbalances or protect certain sectors.
政府也会运用直接控制，如监管、价格控制和配额，以纠正失衡或保护特定行业。
9. International Trade and Exchange Rates | 国际贸易与汇率
International trade allows countries to specialise based on comparative advantage, increasing global output and living standards.
国际贸易使各国能够根据比较优势进行专业化，从而提高全球产出和生活水平。
Absolute advantage exists when a country can produce a good using fewer resources. Comparative advantage occurs when a country can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost.
当一个国家能用更少的资源生产某种商品时，它具有绝对优势。当一个国家能以较低的机会成本生产某种商品时，它具有比较优势。
Trade protectionism includes tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and embargoes. It shields domestic industries but raises prices and limits choice for consumers.
贸易保护主义包括关税、配额、补贴和禁运。它保护国内产业，但会提高价格并限制消费者选择。
An exchange rate is the price of one currency in terms of another. Floating exchange rates are determined by market forces; fixed rates are pegged by the government.
汇率是用另一种货币表示的一种货币的价格。浮动汇率由市场力量决定；固定汇率由政府钉住。
Appreciation of a currency makes exports more expensive and imports cheaper; depreciation has the opposite effect, potentially improving the trade balance.
货币升值会使出口更贵、进口更便宜；贬值则相反，可能改善贸易收支。
10. Economic Development | 经济发展
Economic development is a broader concept than economic growth, focusing on improvements in living standards, health, education, and reduction of poverty.
经济发展是一个比经济增长更宽泛的概念，关注生活水平、健康、教育的改善以及贫困的减少。
Development is measured by indicators such as the Human Development Index (HDI), which combines life expectancy, education, and income per capita.
发展程度通过人类发展指数（HDI）等指标衡量，该指数综合了预期寿命、教育和人均收入。
Factors influencing development include investment in infrastructure, political stability, population growth, and access to technology.
影响发展的因素包括基础设施投资、政治稳定、人口增长以及技术的获取。
Absolute poverty is defined as the inability to meet basic human needs. Relative poverty compares income against societal averages.
绝对贫困被定义为无法满足基本人类需求。相对贫困则是将收入与社会平均水平进行比较。
International organisations such as the World Bank and IMF provide financial and technical assistance to promote development in low-income countries.
世界银行和国际货币基金组织等国际机构提供资金和技术援助，以促进低收入国家的发展。
Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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