📚 Year 11 CIE Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | Year 11 CIE 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific vocabulary is essential for scoring well in Year 11 CIE Science. This guide presents proven techniques to memorise key terms across Physics, Chemistry and Biology through roots, mnemonics, visuals and consistent review.
掌握科学词汇对于在 Year 11 CIE 科学考试中获得高分至关重要。本指南介绍了通过词根、记忆术、视觉想象和持续复习来记忆物理、化学和生物关键术语的可靠方法。
1. The Power of Word Roots and Affixes | 词根词缀的力量
Many scientific terms come from Latin and Greek. By recognising common prefixes, suffixes and roots, you can often deduce the meaning of unfamiliar words.
许多科学术语源于拉丁语和希腊语。通过识别常见的前缀、后缀和词根，你通常能推断出生词的含义。
- 'Photo-' means light, as in photon, photosynthesis, phototropism.
- 'Photo-' 意为光，如光子、光合作用、向光性。
- 'Hydro-' means water, as in hydrogen, hydrophilic, hydrolysis.
- 'Hydro-' 意为水，如氢、亲水、水解。
- 'Therm-' means heat, as in thermometer, exothermic, endothermic.
- 'Therm-' 意为热，如温度计、放热、吸热。
- 'Bio-' means life, as in biology, antibiotic, biomass.
- 'Bio-' 意为生命，如生物学、抗生素、生物质。
2. Physics Motion and Forces Vocabulary | 物理运动与力学术语
Understanding motion and forces is fundamental. Memorise these core terms with their definitions.
理解运动与力是基础。请记住这些核心术语及其定义。
Displacement (s): The distance moved in a particular direction; a vector quantity.
位移 (s): 在特定方向上的移动距离，是矢量。
Velocity (v): Rate of change of displacement; speed with direction.
速度 (v): 位移的变化率；带方向的速率。
Acceleration (a): Rate of change of velocity. It can be positive (speeding up) or negative (deceleration).
加速度 (a): 速度的变化率。可为正（加速）或负（减速）。
Inertia: The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion; depends on mass.
惯性: 物体抵抗运动状态变化的倾向；取决于质量。
Momentum (p): Product of mass and velocity (p = m × v). Conserved in collisions.
动量 (p): 质量与速度的乘积 (p = m × v)。碰撞中守恒。
3. Chemical Bonding and Reactions Terminology | 化学键与反应术语
Chemical language can be tricky. Use structure and analogy to remember bond types and reaction descriptors.
化学语言可能较难。利用结构和类比来记忆键类型和反应描述词。
Ionic bond: Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by electron transfer. Often between metal and non-metal.
离子键: 由电子转移形成的带相反电荷离子之间的静电吸引力。通常在金属与非金属之间。
Covalent bond: A shared pair of electrons between non-metal atoms.
共价键: 非金属原子间共享的一对电子。
Metallic bond: Attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons.
金属键: 正金属离子与离域电子之间的吸引力。
Exothermic reaction: A reaction that releases heat energy to the surroundings (ΔH negative). 'Exo' means out.
放热反应: 向周围环境释放热能的反应 (ΔH 为负)。'Exo' 意为向外。
Endothermic reaction: A reaction that absorbs heat energy from the surroundings (ΔH positive).
吸热反应: 从周围环境吸收热能的反应 (ΔH 为正)。
Activation energy: The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.
活化能: 反应发生所需的最小能量。
4. Biological Processes and Cells | 生物过程与细胞词汇
Cell biology and physiological processes contain many terms that can be visualised through diagrams and root analysis.
细胞生物学和生理过程包含许多可通过图表和词根分析来形象化的术语。
Diffusion: Net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration, down a concentration gradient.
扩散: 粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，顺浓度梯度。
Osmosis: Diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution.
渗透: 水分子通过部分通透膜从稀溶液向浓溶液的扩散。
Active transport: Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient using energy from ATP.
主动运输: 利用ATP能量逆浓度梯度移动分子。
Mitosis: Cell division producing two genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair.
有丝分裂: 产生两个遗传上相同的子细胞的细胞分裂，用于生长和修复。
Meiosis: Cell division producing four genetically different haploid gametes.
减数分裂: 产生四个遗传上不同的单倍体配子的细胞分裂。
Photosynthesis: Process by which plants make glucose using light energy: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
光合作用: 植物利用光能制造葡萄糖的过程：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。
5. Mnemonics and Memory Hooks | 记忆术与钩子
Mnemonics turn abstract information into memorable phrases. Here are some science classics.
记忆术将抽象信息转化为易记的短语。这里有一些科学经典记忆法。
'OIL RIG': Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain (of electrons). Useful for redox reactions.
'OIL RIG'：氧化是失去电子，还原是得到电子。适用于氧化还原反应。
'Cation is Positive' – think of the 't' in cation as a plus sign '+'.
'阳离子带正电' – 把cation中的' t '想象成加号' + '。
'Anion
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