📚 Year 11 CIE Physics: Core Concepts Summary | 剑桥Year 11物理核心知识点梳理
This article provides a concise yet thorough overview of the essential topics covered in Year 11 CIE IGCSE Physics (0625). From motion and forces to electricity and nuclear physics, each section highlights key definitions, formulas, and principles that students must understand to succeed in the examination. Use this guide to reinforce your knowledge and identify areas for further revision.
本文简明且全面地梳理了剑桥Year 11 IGCSE物理(0625)所涵盖的核心知识点。从运动与力到电学与核物理，每一节都突出了学生必须掌握的关键定义、公式和原理。请利用本指南巩固知识，并查漏补缺以便更好地备考。
1. Motion | 运动学
Motion is described using quantities such as distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. Distance is a scalar while displacement is a vector, having both magnitude and direction.
运动用距离、位移、速率、速度和加速度等物理量来描述。距离是标量，而位移是矢量，既有大小又有方向。
Average speed is total distance divided by total time, whereas average velocity is total displacement divided by time. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
平均速率是总距离除以总时间，而平均速度是总位移除以时间。加速度是速度的变化率。
v = u + at
v² = u² + 2as
s = ut + ½at²
Motion graphs play a crucial role: a velocity–time graph has a slope equal to acceleration and an area under the graph equal to displacement.
运动图像至关重要：速度–时间图像的斜率等于加速度，图像下的面积等于位移。
2. Forces and Newton's Laws | 力和牛顿定律
A force can change an object's speed, direction, or shape. Newton's First Law states that an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force.
力可以改变物体的速度、方向或形状。牛顿第一定律指出，除非受到合外力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动。
Newton' tes resultant force, mass, and acceleration: F = ma. The force is measured in newtons (N).
牛顿第二定律联系了合外力、质量和加速度：F = ma。力的单位是牛顿(N)。
F = m × a
eight is the gravitational force acting on that mass: W = mg, where g ≈ 9.8 m/s² on Earth.
质量是标量，代表物质的量；而重量是作用在该质量上的重力：W = mg，地球表面g ≈ 9.8 m/s²。
Newton's Third Law emphasises that forces come in pairs: if body A exerts a force on body B, body B exerts an equal and opposite force on body A.
牛顿第三定律强调力成对出现：若物体A对物体B施加一个力，那么物体B也会对A施加一个大小相等、方向相反的力。
3. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功和功率
Energy exists in different forms, including kinetic, gravitational potential, thermal, chemical, and nuclear energy. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.
能量以不同形式存在，包括动能、重力势能、热能、化学能和核能。能量守恒定律指出，能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，只能转移或转化。
Kinetic energy (K.E.) is given by ½mv², and gravitational potential energy (G.P.E.) near Earth's surface is mgh, where h is the change in height.
动能(K.E.)由½mv²给出，地表附近的重力势能(G.P.E.)为mgh，其中h为高度变化。
K.E. = ½ m v²
G.P.E. = m g h
lacement are parallel). Power is the rate of doing work or transferring energy: P = W / t.
功是力使物体移动时所转移的能量：W = F × d (当力与位移平行时)。功率是做功或转移能量的速率：P = W / t。
4. Thermal Physics | 热物理学
The kinetic particle model explains the behaviour of solids, liquids, and gases in terms of particle motion and spacing. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles.
分子动理论用粒子的运动和间距来解释固体、液体和气体的行为。温度是粒子平均动能的量度。
Internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a substance. Heating increases internal energy, and changes of state occur at constant temperature while absorbing or releasing latent heat.
内能是物质中所有粒子动能和势能的总和。加热会增加内能，物态变化在恒温下发生，同时吸收或释放潜热。
at L is the energy needed to change the state of 1 kg without temperature change: E = m L.
比热容c是使1 kg物质温度升高1 °C所需的能量：ΔE = m c Δθ。比潜热L是使1 kg物质在温度不变的情况下改变状态所需的能量：E = m L。
ΔE = m c Δθ
E = m L
5. Waves | 波
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Transverse waves have oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer (e.g. light, water ripples), while longitudinal waves have oscillations parallel to the direction (e.g. sound).
波传递能量而不传递物质。横波的振动方向垂直于能量传递方向(如光、水波)，而纵波的振动方向平行于能量传递方向(如声波)。
(λ), frequency (f), amplitude, and wave speed (v). The wave equation links them: v = f λ.
波的关键属性包括波长(λ)、频率(f)、振幅和波速(v)。波动方程将它们联系起来：v = f λ。
v = f × λ
Reflection, refraction, and diffraction are typical wave behaviours. Refraction involves a change in speed and direction when waves enter a different medium. Diffraction is the spreading of waves around obstacles or through gaps, most noticeable when the gap size is comparable to the wavelength.
反射、折射和衍射是典型的波行为。折射是指波进入不同介质时速度和方向发生改变。衍射是波绕过障碍物或穿过缝隙时扩散的现象，当缝隙大小与波长相近时最为明显。
6. Light and Optics | 光与光学
/s in a vacuum. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, measured from the normal.
光是一种电磁波，在真空中的速度约为3.0 × 10⁸ m/s。反射定律指出，入射角等于反射角，均从法线量起。
Refraction is governed by Snell' ractive index. Light bends towards the normal when entering a denser medium and away from the normal when entering a less dense medium.
折射遵循斯涅尔定律：n = sin i / sin r，其中n为折射率。光进入光密介质时向法线偏折，进入光疏介质时远离法线偏折。
n = sin i / sin r
s to pass from a denser to a less dense medium. Critical angle c satisfies: sin c = 1 / n.
当入射角大于临界角且光试图从光密介质射向光疏介质时，会发生全内反射。临界角c满足：sin c = 1 / n。
ending on the object distance. The magnification m = image height / object height = v / u.
凸透镜根据物距可成实像或虚像。放大率m = 像高 / 物高 = v / u。
7. Electricity | 电学
in amperes (A), and charge in coulombs (C). In metals, current is carried by free electrons.
电流是电荷流动的速率：I = Q / t。电流的单位是安培(A)，电荷的单位是库仑(C)。在金属中，电流由自由电子携带。
I = Q / t
transferred per unit charge: V = W / Q. Resistance R opposes current flow: R = V / I. Ohm' holds for many conductors at constant temperature, where V is directly proportional to I.
电势差(电压)是每单位电荷转移的能量：V = W / Q。电阻R阻碍电流：R = V / I。欧姆定律在恒温下对许多导体成立，此时V与I成正比。
V = I × R
In series circuits, current is the same everywhere, and the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances. In parallel circuits, voltage is the same across each branch, and total resistance decreases as more branches are added.
在串联电路中，各处电流相同，总电阻为各电阻之和。在并联电路中，各支路电压相同，增加支路会降低总电阻。
Electrical power P = I V = I² R = V² / R. Energy transferred is E = P t.
电功率P = I V = I² R = V² / R。转移的能量E = P t。
8. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁学与电磁学
Magnets have north and south poles; like poles repel and unlike poles attract. A magnetic field is a region where magnetic forces are felt, represented by field lines from north to south.
磁体具有北极和南极；同名磁极相斥、异名磁极相吸。磁场是能够感受磁力的区域，用从北极指向南极的磁感线表示。
An electric current produces a magnetic field. The right-hand grip rule helps determine the direction: for a straight conductor, the thumb points along the current and curled fingers show the field direction.
电流产生磁场。右手定则可以帮助确定方向：对于直导线，拇指指向电流方向，弯曲的四指指向磁场方向。
e motor effect describes the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field: F = B I L (when field and current are perpendicular).
电磁铁由绕成线圈的导线(螺线管)通以电流制成，通常加软铁芯以增强磁场。电动机效应描述了通电导体在磁场中受到的力：F = B I L (当磁场与电流垂直时)。
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor cuts magnetic field lines, inducing an e.m.f. The induced e.m.f. depends on the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage. This principle is used in generators and transformers.
当导体切割磁感线时会发生电磁感应，感应出电动势。感应电动势的大小取决于磁链变化率。该原理用于发电机和变压器。
9. Nuclear Physics | 核物理
Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. The atomic (proton) number Z defines the element, and the mass number A is the total number of protons and neutrons.
原子由包含质子和中子的原子核及围绕的电子构成。原子序数(质子数)Z定义了元素，质量数A是质子与中子的总数。
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same proton number but different neutron numbers. Radioactive decay occurs when unstable nuclei emit alpha (α), beta (β), or gamma (γ) radiation.
同位素是质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素的原子。当不稳定的原子核衰变时，会发射α、β或γ辐射。
Alpha particles are helium nuclei (²⁴He), beta particles are high-speed electrons (⁻¹⁰e), and gamma rays are electromagnetic waves. Half-life is the time taken for half the nuclei in a sample to decay.
α粒子是氦核(²⁴He)，β粒子是高速电子(⁻¹⁰e)，γ射线是电磁波。半衰期是样品中一半原子核发生衰变所需的时间。
The background radiation comes from natural and artificial sources. Safety precautions include reducing exposure time, increasing distance, and using shielding.
背景辐射来自天然和人工源。安全防护措施包括减少暴露时间、增加距离和使用屏蔽。
10. Space Physics | 空间物理
The Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours, causing day and night. It orbits the Sun once per year, with the axis tilted at about 23.5° relative to the orbital plane, giving rise to seasons.
地球每24小时绕地轴自转一次，导致昼夜交替。它每年绕太阳公转一次，地轴相对于轨道平面倾斜约23.5°，形成了四季。
The Solar System consists of the Sun, planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. Gravitational force keeps objects in orbit. The orbital speed of a planet depends on its distance from the Sun; planets closer to the Sun move faster.
太阳系由太阳、行星、卫星、小行星和彗星组成。万有引力使天体保持在轨道上运行。行星的轨道速度取决于它与太阳的距离；越靠近太阳的行星运动越快。
Stars are powered by nuclear fusion, converting hydrogen into helium and releasing vast amounts of energy. The Sun is a typical main-sequence star. The life cycle of a star depends on its mass, ending as a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole.
恒星由核聚变提供能量，将氢转化为氦并释放巨大能量。太阳是一颗典型的主序星。恒星的寿命周期取决于其质量，末期可能成为白矮星、中子星或黑洞。
The Universe is believed to have begun with the Big Bang. Evidence includes the red shift of light from distant galaxies, indicating they are moving away, and cosmic microwave background radiation.
宇宙被认为起源于大爆炸。证据包括来自遥远星系的光发生红移，表明它们正在远离；以及宇宙微波背景辐射。
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