📚 Edexcel Year 12 Science: Key Terminology Quick-Memory Guide | 爱德思12年级科学：关键术语速记指南
Mastering scientific vocabulary is half the battle in Year 12 Edexcel science. Whether you are tackling Biology, Chemistry or Physics, understanding the precise terminology can boost your exam confidence and help you decode complex questions. This guide brings together essential terms across all three sciences, with memory hacks, root words, and cross-links to make them stick.
掌握科学词汇是爱德思12年级科学成功的一半。无论你学习生物、化学还是物理，理解精确的术语都能提升你的考试信心，帮助你破解复杂题目。本指南汇集了三门学科的核心术语，并配有记忆技巧、词根解析和学科交叉联系，让你牢牢记住它们。
1. Cell Biology Essentials | 细胞生物学基础词汇
Cell biology underpins many Year 12 topics. Grasping the keywords for organelles and transport processes will immediately strengthen your written answers and practical comprehension.
细胞生物学是许多12年级主题的基础。掌握细胞器和运输过程的核心词汇，能立即提升你的书面答案和实验理解能力。
Eukaryotic cell: A cell with a true nucleus enclosed in a membrane and other membrane-bound organelles. Memory tip: 'Eu' means true, 'karyon' means kernel or nucleus. Think of a 'true nucleus'. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus; 'pro' means before, so they are 'before nucleus' cells.
真核细胞：具有真正的由膜包裹的细胞核以及其他膜结合细胞器的细胞。记忆法："Eu" 意为真，"karyon" 意为核，联想 "真正的核"。原核细胞没有细胞核，"pro" 表示前，即 "核前" 细胞。
Osmosis: The net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane. Key: only water moves, and the membrane must be selectively permeable. Remember 'Osmosis is a special type of diffusion just for water'.
渗透作用：水分子通过部分透膜从水势较高区域向水势较低区域的净移动。要点：只有水移动，且膜必须具有选择透过性。记法："渗透是专属于水的特殊扩散"。
Active transport: The movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient, using energy from ATP and carrier proteins. Memory aid: 'Active' implies energy is needed, like pushing a boulder uphill.
主动运输：分子或离子依靠ATP供能和载体蛋白，逆浓度梯度穿过细胞膜的过程。记忆关键："主动" 意味着需要能量，就像推石头上山一样需要费力。
Mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria): The double-membrane organelle where aerobic respiration occurs, producing ATP. Cristae provide a large surface area for the electron transport chain. Think 'mighty mitochondria' — the powerhouse.
线粒体：有氧呼吸发生并产生ATP的双层膜细胞器。嵴为电子传递链提供了巨大的表面积。联想 "非凡的线粒体" ——细胞的发电站。
2. Biochemical Building Blocks | 生物化学基础构件术语
Biological molecules are built from simpler units. Mastering the language of monomers and polymers will help you navigate biochemistry with ease.
生物大分子由简单单元构建而成。掌握单体和聚合物的语言，将让你轻松驾驭生物化学。
Monomer th others to form a polymer. Examples: monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides. Remember 'mono' = one.
单体：可以彼此连接形成聚合物的小单元。例如：单糖、氨基酸、核苷酸。记 "mono" 代表一。
Polymer from many repeating monomer units bonded together. Proteins, starch and DNA are polymers. 'Poly' = many.
聚合物：由许多重复单体单元键合而成的长链分子。蛋白质、淀粉和DNA都是聚合物。"Poly" 意为多。
Condensation reaction: A chemical reaction in which two molecules join together, releasing a small molecule such as water. The reverse is hydrolysis, which uses water to break bonds. Memory catchphrase: 'Condensation builds, hydrolysis breaks'.
缩合反应：两个分子连接在一起并释放出一分子水等小分子的化学反应。其逆过程为水解，即加水断键。记忆口诀："缩合构建，水解打断"。
Carbohydrate: Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, usually in the ratio Cₓ(H₂O)ᵧ. Simple sugars are monosaccharides (e.g. glucose), two linked are disaccharides (e.g. sucrose), and many form polysaccharides (e.g. glycogen).
碳水化合物：由碳、氢、氧组成的有机化合物，通常满足比例Cₓ(H₂O)ᵧ。简单糖为单糖（如葡萄糖），两个单糖连接成二糖（如蔗糖），许多单糖构成多糖（如糖原）。
3. Chemical Bonding & Structure | 化学键合与结构术语
Chemical bonding is central to understanding how substances behave. Here we decode ionic, covalent and metallic bonding, along with electronegativity and polarity.
化学键合是理解物质行为的关键。这里我们将解读离子键、共价键、金属键，以及电负性和极性等术语。
Ionic bonding er. Metals lose electrons to form cations; non-metals gain electrons to form anions. Think 'Ionic' = 'I give/take electrons'.
离子键：由电子转移形成的带相反电荷离子之间的静电引力。金属失电子形成阳离子，非金属得电子形成阴离子。联想："ionic" 中的 "i" 像是 "我给/要电子"。
Covalent bonding: A bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms. Non-metals typically share electrons to achieve full outer shells. Memory: 'co-' means together, 'valent' refers to valence electrons shared.
共价键：两个原子通过共享一对电子形成的化学键。非金属元素通常通过共享电子以达到满壳层。"co-" 意为共同，"valent" 指共享的价电子。
Electronegativity: The ability of an atom to attract the bonding pair of electrons in a covalent bond. Fluorine is the most electronegative. A large difference leads to polar bonds; a very large difference often results in ionic bonding.
电负性：原子在共价键中吸引共用电子对的能力。氟的电负性最强。电负性差异大导致极性键；差异极大时通常形成离子键。
Intermolecular forces , and hydrogen bonding. These forces affect melting points, boiling points and solubility. 'Inter' = between, 'intra' = within.
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