📚 Year 11 OCR Sociology: Glossary and Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 11 OCR 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of sociology is crucial for GCSE success. This guide condenses the essential terminology from the OCR Year 11 specification into clear, memorable definitions. Whether you are revising for mocks or final exams, these key terms will strengthen your answers and help you apply knowledge confidently.
掌握社会学的语言是GCSE成功的关键。本指南将OCR十一年级大纲中的基本术语浓缩为清晰、易记的定义。无论你是在为模拟考还是最终考试复习，这些关键术语都将增强你的答案，帮助你自信地运用知识。
1. Core Concepts | 核心概念
Culture refers to the whole way of life of a particular group or society. It is learned and shared, comprising language, beliefs, values, norms, customs, and material objects like clothing and technology.
文化 指某一群体或社会整体的生活方式，是习得和共享的，包括语言、信仰、价值观、规范、习俗，以及服装和技术等物质产品。
Norms are specific rules that dictate appropriate behaviour in given situations. They are the unwritten rules of behaviour that can vary between cultures and change over time. For example, queuing in the UK is a norm.
规范 是在特定情境下规定恰当行为的具体准则，是不成文的行为规则，会因文化而异并随时间变化。比如在英国排队就是一种规范。
Values are the general principles and beliefs that a society considers important and desirable. They provide a framework for norms. For example, the value of privacy influences norms about personal space.
价值观 是社会认为重要和可取的基本原则和信念，为规范提供框架。例如，隐私的价值观影响着关于个人空间的规范。
Socialisation is the lifelong process of learning the culture of a society. Primary socialisation occurs in early childhood within the family, where basic norms and values are learned. Secondary socialisation happens later through agencies such as schools, peer groups, and the media.
社会化 是学习社会文化的终身过程。初级社会化 发生在儿童早期，主要在家庭中进行，学习基本的规范和价值观。次级社会化 则通过学校、同辈群体和媒体等机构在后天完成。
Status is a person's social position. Ascribed status is fixed at birth or involuntarily assumed (e.g., gender, ethnicity). Achieved status is earned through individual effort (e.g., becoming a doctor). A role is the pattern of behaviour expected of someone with a particular status.
地位 是一个人的社会位置。先赋地位 是天生的或非自愿获得的（如性别、种族）。自致地位 是通过个人努力赢得的（如成为医生）。角色 是对拥有某一地位的人所期望的行为模式。
2. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification describes the way society is structured into layers or strata based on factors like class, gender, ethnicity, and age. It involves inequality in access to resources, power, and status.
社会分层 指社会根据阶级、性别、种族和年龄等因素划分成不同层级的方式，涉及资源、权力和地位获取的不平等。
Life chances refer to a person's opportunities to achieve things that are valued in society, such as good health, education, and employment. They are strongly influenced by social class and other inequalities.
生活机会 指个人获得社会中受重视事物（如健康、教育和就业）的机会，深受社会阶级及其他不平等因素的影响。
Social mobility is the movement of individuals or groups up or down the social hierarchy. Intergenerational mobility compares children's social position to that of their parents; intragenerational mobility refers to changes within a person's own lifetime.
社会流动 是个人或群体在社会等级中的上下移动。代际流动 比较子女与其父母的社会地位；代内流动 指个人一生中自身地位的变化。
Absolute poverty is a severe lack of resources needed for physical survival, such as food, water, and shelter. Relative poverty relates to being unable to participate fully in the normal activities of a society due to a lack of income or resources compared to the average.
绝对贫困 指严重缺乏维持生存所需的基本资源，如食物、水和住所。相对贫困 是指因收入或资源低于社会平均水平，而无法充分参与社会正常活动。
3. Family | 家庭
Family is a social group connected by blood, marriage, or adoption, who often share a common residence. A household is a person living alone or a group of people living at the same address who share at least one meal a day.
家庭 是由血缘、婚姻或收养关系联结的社会群体，通常共同居住。住户 指独居者或住在同一地址并且每天至少共享一餐的群体。
Nuclear family consists of a married couple and their dependent children. Extended family is a larger group of relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts, and uncles, often living close by or in the same household.
核心家庭 由一对已婚夫妇及其受抚养子女组成。扩展家庭 是包含核心家庭以外的更大亲属群体，如祖父母、姑姨叔舅，通常住在附近或同一户内。
Reconstituted family (blended family) is formed when one or both partners bring children from previous relationships into a new union. Lone-parent family is a single parent living with their dependent children.
重组家庭（混合家庭）由一方或双方带着前段关系中的子女组成新家庭。单亲家庭 指单亲父母与受抚养子女共同生活。
Functionalist Murdock identified four essential family functions: sexual, reproductive, economic, and educational. Parsons argued the contemporary nuclear family specialises in two functions: the primary socialisation of children and the stabilisation of adult personalities (the 'warm bath theory').
功能主义者默多克指出家庭有四大基本功能：性、繁衍、经济和教育。帕森斯认为现代核心家庭专司两项功能：儿童的初级社会化和成人人格的稳定（"暖浴理论"）。
4. Education | 教育
Hidden curriculum refers to the informal lessons, values, and norms that students learn in school alongside the formal curriculum. These include obedience, punctuality, and acceptance of hierarchy, which functionalists see as preparing students for the workplace.
隐性课程 指学生在学校中与正式课程同时习得的非正式课程、价值观和规范，如顺从、守时和接受等级制度。功能主义者认为这为学生进入职场做了准备。
Setting and streaming involve grouping students by ability. Streaming puts students in fixed groups for all subjects, while setting groups them by subject. Interactionists argue this can lead to labelling and self-fulfilling prophecies.
分班与分流 是按能力将学生分组。分流 是将学生在所有科目中放在固定的班级，而分班 是按学科分组。互动论者认为这会导致标签化和自我实现预言。
Marketisation of education introduces market principles such as competition, choice, and league tables. Parentocracy suggests that a child’s education should depend on the wealth and wishes of parents rather than their own ability. Ball argues this reinforces class inequality.
教育市场化 引入了竞争、选择和排名表等市场原则。家长统治 意味着孩子的教育应取决于父母的财富和意愿而非自身能力。鲍尔认为这加剧了阶级不平等。
Cultural capital (Bourdieu) refers to the knowledge, attitudes, and cultural experiences that the middle class possesses and that are valued in the education system. This gives middle-class pupils an advantage in achieving educational success.
文化资本（布迪厄）指中产阶级所拥有的、在教育体系中备受重视的知识、态度和文化经验。这使中产阶级学生更容易取得学业成功。
5. Crime and Deviance | 犯罪与越轨
Deviance is behaviour that breaks social norms but is not necessarily illegal. Crime is an act that breaks the law and for which formal punishment can be applied. Both are socially defined and can change over time and between cultures.
越轨 是违反社会规范但不一定违法的行为。犯罪 是违犯法律并可能受到正式惩罚的行为。两者的界定都是社会性的，会随时间和文化而变化。
Social control refers to the mechanisms used to ensure conformity. Formal social control is carried out by authorised agents such as the police and courts. Informal social control is exercised through peer pressure, family, and community reactions.
社会控制 指用于确保遵从性的机制。正式社会控制 由警察和法院等授权机构实施。非正式社会控制 则通过同辈压力、家庭及社区反应来施行。
Anomie (Durkheim) describes a state of normlessness that occurs when the rules of behaviour in society become unclear or break down. Merton developed strain theory, arguing that crime occurs when individuals cannot achieve socially approved goals through legitimate means.
失范（涂尔干）描述了一种规范崩溃的状态，指社会行为准则变得模糊或失效。默顿提出紧张理论，认为当个人无法通过合法手段实现社会认可的目标时，就会发生犯罪。
Labelling theory (Becker) suggests that deviance is not about the act itself but about the label given to it by those with power. Once labelled, an individual may accept that label and develop a deviant career - a self-fulfilling prophecy.
标签理论（贝克尔）认为越轨不在于行为本身，而在于掌权者给行为贴上的标签。一旦被贴上标签，个人可能接受该标签并走向越轨生涯——即自我实现预言。
6. Sociological Theories | 社会学理论
Functionalism is a consensus theory that sees society as a system of interdependent parts working together to maintain stability. Institutions like family and education perform essential functions. Key thinkers: Durkheim, Parsons.
功能主义 是一种共识理论，将社会视为由相互依存的部分组成的系统，各部分共同维持稳定。家庭、教育等制度执行基本功能。代表人物：涂尔干、帕森斯。
Marxism is a conflict theory based on the ideas of Karl Marx. It views society as divided into a ruling class (bourgeoisie) who own the means of production and a subject class (proletariat) who sell their labour. The superstructure, including education and media, serves to maintain the economic base and legitimise inequality.
马克思主义 是一种基于马克思思想的冲突理论，认为社会分为拥有生产资料的统治阶级（资产阶级）和出卖劳动力的被统治阶级（无产阶级）。上层建筑（如教育和传媒）服务于经济基础并使不平等合法化。
Feminism highlights gender inequality and the concept of patriarchy - a system of male domination. Liberal feminism seeks legal and political reforms; radical feminism argues that patriarchy is the root of all oppression; Marxist feminism links women's oppression to capitalism.
女性主义 强调性别不平等和父权制——一种男性主导的体系。自由女性主义寻求法律和政治改革；激进女性主义认为父权制是一切压迫的根源；马克思主义女性主义将女性压迫与资本主义相联系。
Interactionism (social action theory) focuses on small-scale interactions and the meanings individuals attach to actions. It examines how labels, meanings, and subjective experiences shape social reality, in contrast to structural theories.
互动论（社会行动理论）关注小范围互动以及个体赋予行动的意义，研究标签、意义和主观经验如何塑造社会现实，这与结构理论形成对比。
7. Research Methods | 研究方法
Quantitative data is numerical information, often collected through surveys and experiments, allowing for statistical analysis. Qualitative data provides in-depth, non-numerical insights into feelings and meanings, typically gathered through interviews and observations.
定量数据 是数值化信息，通常通过调查和实验收集，可进行统计分析。定性数据 则提供对感受和意义的深度非数字见解，通常通过访谈和观察获得。
Validity refers to whether research measures what it claims to measure - the truthfulness of the findings. Reliability means that if the study is repeated, the same results will be obtained. A study can be reliable without being valid.
效度 指研究是否测量了其声称要测量的内容——即研究结果的真实性。信度 指如果重复研究，能否得到相同的结果。一项研究可以可靠但无效。
Random sampling gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected, which improves representativeness. Stratified sampling divides the population into subgroups and selects randomly from each. Snowball sampling relies on initial contacts to recruit further participants, useful for hidden populations but less representative.
随机抽样 使总体中每个成员都有均等被选中的机会，提高代表性。分层抽样 将总体分成亚组并从每组中随机抽取。滚雪球抽样 依靠初始联系人招募更多参与者，适用于隐藏人群但代表性较低。
Ethical considerations in sociological research include informed consent, confidentiality, avoidance of harm, and deception should be minimised and justified. The British Sociological Association issues ethical guidelines.
社会学研究中的伦理考量 包括知情同意、保密、避免伤害，欺骗应尽量减少并有理由。英国社会学协会发布了伦理指南。
8. Media | 传媒
Mass media refer to forms of communication that reach large audiences, including television, newspapers, and the internet. New media are digital, interactive technologies like social media platforms, which allow user-generated content.
大众传媒 指能触及大量受众的传播形式，包括电视、报纸和互联网。新传媒 是数字化的互动技术，如社交媒体平台，允许用户生成内容。
Media representation is the way the media portrays particular groups, events, and issues. Stereotypes are oversimplified, often exaggerated representations of a social group, which can reinforce prejudice and social inequality.
媒介表征 是传媒对特定群体、事件和议题的呈现方式。刻板印象 是对某一社会群体过于简化、往往夸大的表征，可能会强化偏见和社会不平等。
Agenda setting refers to the power of the media to focus public attention on certain issues while ignoring others. By selecting and emphasising news, the media shape what the public thinks about.
议程设置 指传媒有能力将公众注意力集中在某些议题上，而忽略其他。通过选择和强调新闻，传媒塑造了公众思考的内容。
The hypodermic syringe model suggests that the media injects ideas directly into a passive audience, who accept messages without question. In contrast, the uses and gratifications model views audiences as active, selecting media to satisfy needs such as information, personal identity, and entertainment.
皮下注射模型 认为传媒直接将观念注入被动的受众，受众不加质疑地接受信息。相反，使用与满足模型 视受众为主动的，他们选择传媒来满足信息、个人身份认同和娱乐等需求。
9. Agencies of Socialisation | 社会化机构
Family is the primary agency of socialisation, teaching basic norms, values, and language. It shapes gender roles and initial identity through nurture and example.
家庭 是初级社会化机构，传授基本规范、价值观和语言，通过养育和示范塑造性别角色及最初身份。
Schools transmit formal knowledge and the hidden curriculum. They also promote secondary socialisation by exposing children to universalistic standards, authority figures outside the family, and peer interaction.
学校 传递正式知识和隐性课程，还通过让孩子接触普遍性标准、家庭以外的权威人物和同辈互动，促进次级社会化。
Peer groups become increasingly influential during adolescence. They offer a space where individuals can negotiate independence from adults, experiment with identities, and follow
Published by TutorHao | Year 11 社会学 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图