📚 Year 11 CAIE Sociology: Quick Guide to Memorising Key Terms | CAIE 11年级社会学：关键术语速记指南
In CAIE Sociology, mastering precise terminology is the foundation for analysing social structures, processes and issues. This guide offers effective memorisation strategies while explaining key terms essential for Year 11. It will help you build a robust conceptual toolkit and boost exam performance.
在CAIE社会学中，掌握精确术语是分析社会结构、过程与问题的基础。本指南提供高效的记忆策略，同时解释11年级必备的关键术语，帮助你构建扎实的概念工具包，提升考试成绩。
1. Why Terminology Matters | 术语为何重要
In CAIE Sociology, command terms carry specific meanings. Using precise terminology demonstrates understanding, strengthens your arguments and directly earns higher marks on structured questions and essays.
在CAIE社会学中，指令性术语具有特定含义。使用精确术语能体现你的理解，强化论证，并直接在结构化问题与论文中获得更高分数。
Memorising definitions alone is not enough; you must link terms to sociological perspectives and real-life examples. Examiners expect you to apply concepts, not just recite them.
仅仅记住定义还不够；你必须将术语与社会学视角和真实案例联系起来。考官期望你应用概念，而非机械背诵。
Consistent revision and active recall of terms will expand your sociological vocabulary and build the confidence needed to tackle unfamiliar scenarios in the exam.
持续复习并主动回忆术语，将拓宽你的社会学词汇量，建立应对考试中陌生情境所需的信心。
2. Core Concepts: Socialisation, Culture, Identity | 核心概念：社会化、文化、身份认同
Socialisation is the lifelong process of learning and internalising the norms, values, customs and ideology of a society. It is divided into primary socialisation, which takes place in the family during early childhood, and secondary socialisation, which occurs later through education, peer groups, mass media and the workplace.
社会化是个体学习并内化社会规范、价值观、习俗与意识形态的终生过程。它分为初级社会化（在童年早期于家庭中进行）和次级社会化（后来通过教育、同伴群体、大众媒体和工作场所进行）。
Culture encompasses the shared beliefs, language, traditions, symbols and artifacts that define a group. You must distinguish between material culture (physical objects) and non-material culture (ideas, values).
文化包含界定群体的共同信仰、语言、传统、符号与器物。你必须区分物质文化（实物）与非物质文化（观念、价值观）。
Identity refers to how individuals see themselves and how others perceive them. Social identity is shaped by factors such as gender, class, ethnicity and age, while personal identity is more about individual traits.
身份认同指个体如何看待自己以及他人如何看待他们。社会身份由性别、阶级、族裔和年龄等因素塑造，而个人身份更关乎个人特质。
Agents of socialisation include family, school, peer group, religion and the mass media. A useful mnemonic is 'FSPRM' – Family, School, Peers, Religion, Media. Each transmits culture and influences behaviour.
社会化的媒介包括家庭、学校、同伴群体、宗教和大众媒体。可用缩写“FSPRM”记忆——家庭(Family)、学校(School)、同伴(Peers)、宗教(Religion)、媒体(Media)。每个媒介都传递文化并影响行为。
3. Norms, Values and Social Control | 规范、价值与社会控制
Norms are socially acceptable ways of behaving in specific situations; they are unwritten rules. Values are broader beliefs about what is desirable, good or important. Together they create social order.
规范是在特定情境中被社会接受的行为方式，是不成文的规则。价值观是关于何为可取、善良或重要的更广泛信念。两者共同创造社会秩序。
Social control refers to the mechanisms society uses to ensure conformity to norms and values. Formal social control is exercised by official institutions like the police, courts and prisons. Informal social control operates through family, peers and community disapproval.
社会控制指社会用以确保遵守规范与价值的机制。正式社会控制由警察、法院和监狱等官方机构实施；非正式社会控制通过家庭、同伴和社区谴责来运作。
Sanctions are rewards or punishments that reinforce norms. Positive sanctions include praise, medals or promotions; negative sanctions range from a frown to imprisonment. Imagine norms as 'road rules', values as the 'destination', and sanctions as 'traffic lights'.
奖惩是强化规范的手段。积极奖惩包括表扬、奖章或晋升；消极奖惩涵盖从皱眉到监禁。把规范想象为“交通规则”，价值观为“目的地”，奖惩为“信号灯”。
4. Deviance and Crime | 越轨与犯罪
Deviance is behaviour that violates social norms, while crime is behaviour that breaks the law. Not all deviance is criminal (e.g. speaking loudly in a library), and not all crime is considered deviant in every subculture.
越轨是违反社会规范的行为，而犯罪是触犯法律的行为。并非所有越轨都构成犯罪（如在图书馆大声讲话），也并非所有犯罪在每个亚文化中都被视为越轨。
Deviance is relative – what is deviant in one culture or time period may be normal in another. Use examples such as alcohol consumption or dress codes across societies.
越轨具有相对性——在一种文化或时期中被视为越轨的行为，在另一种中可能正常。可举例如饮酒或着装规范在不同社会中的差异。
Functionalist theories: Durkheim's concept of anomie describes a state of normlessness when society's norms break down, often during rapid change. Merton's strain theory explains deviance as a result of a gap between cultural goals and the legitimate means to achieve them.
功能主义理论：涂尔干的失范概念描述了社会规范崩解时的失范状态，常发生于急速变迁时期。默顿的紧张理论将越轨解释为文化目标与合法手段之间脱节的结果。
Interactionist labelling theory: deviance is created by the labels society attaches to certain acts. Once labelled, an individual may accept the deviant identity and act accordingly, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy.
互动论标签理论：越轨是由社会对某些行为贴上的标签所创造的。一旦被贴上标签，个体可能接受越轨身份并据此行动，导致自我实现预言。
5. Social Stratification and Class | 社会分层与阶级
Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of individuals into divisions of power, wealth and status. Major systems include class, caste, estate and slavery. CAIE focuses on class-based stratification.
社会分层是按照权力、财富和地位将个人进行等级排列。主要体系包括阶级、种姓、等级和奴隶制。CAIE重点关注以阶级为基础的分层。
Social class is primarily based on economic factors such as income, wealth, occupation and ownership of property. The Registrar General's scale (used in UK) distinguishes between manual and non-manual occupations.
社会阶级主要基于收入、财富、职业和财产所有权等经济因素。英国注册总署社会阶级量表区分体力与非体力职业。
Life chances refer to the opportunities individuals have to improve their quality of life, including health, education and housing. They are strongly influenced by class, gender and ethnicity.
人生机会指个人改善生活质量的机会，包括健康、教育和住房，深刻受阶级、性别和族裔影响。
Social mobility is movement between social strata. Intergenerational mobility occurs between generations (e.g. son of a cleaner becomes a lawyer); intragenerational mobility occurs within an individual's own career.
社会流动指社会阶层之间的移动。代际流动发生在两代人之间（如清洁工的儿子成为律师）；代内流动发生在个人自己的职业生涯中。
Use the 'CAGE' mnemonic to remember key axes of inequality: Class, Age, Gender, Ethnicity.
使用缩写“CAGE”记忆不平等的主要轴线：阶级(Class)、年龄(Age)、性别(Gender)、族裔(Ethnicity)。
6. Gender and Ethnicity | 性别与族裔
Sex refers to biological differences between males and females; gender is a social construct referring to the behaviours, roles and attributes a society considers appropriate for men and women. The distinction is crucial in sociology.
生理性别指男女间的生物学差异；社会性别是一个社会建构，指社会认为适合男性与女性的行为、角色和特质。这一区分在社会学中至关重要。
Patriarchy is a system where men hold primary power and predominate in political leadership, moral authority and control of property. Feminist sociologists argue that gender roles are not natural but are produced and maintained by patriarchal structures.
父权制是男性掌握主要权力并在政治领导、道德权威和财产控制中占主导地位的体系。女权主义社会学家认为，性别角色并非天然，而是由父权结构制造与维系的。
When studying gender, memorise key terms: glass ceiling (invisible
Published by TutorHao | Year 11 社会学 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图