📚 Year 11 OCR Computer Science: Glossary Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 11 OCR 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
This quick revision guide covers the essential terminology for OCR GCSE (9-1) Computer Science (J277), helping Year 11 students reinforce key definitions. Each term is paired with a concise explanation in both English and Chinese, making it a perfect last-minute study companion.
这份速记指南涵盖了 OCR GCSE (9-1) 计算机科学 (J277) 的核心术语，帮助11年级学生巩固关键定义。每个术语都配有中英文简洁解释，是考前冲刺的绝佳伴侣。
1. Data Representation & Units | 数据表示与单位
Bit: The smallest unit of data in a computer, representing a binary digit (0 or 1).
比特 (位): 计算机中最小的数据单位，表示二进制数字（0或1）。
Nibble: A group of 4 bits, equivalent to half a byte; can represent 16 values.
半字节: 4个比特组成的组，等于半个字节；可以表示16种值。
Byte: A group of 8 bits, the basic unit of storage; can hold 256 different values.
字节: 8个比特组成的组，基本存储单位；可以容纳256种不同值。
Kilobyte (KB): Approximately 1000 bytes (10³ bytes in decimal, often 1024 bytes in computing).
千字节 (KB): 大约1000字节（十进制为10³，计算机中通常为1024字节）。
Megabyte (MB): About 1 million bytes (10⁶).
兆字节 (MB): 大约100万字节（10⁶）。
Gigabyte (GB): About 1 billion bytes (10⁹).
吉字节 (GB): 大约10亿字节（10⁹）。
Terabyte (TB): About 1 trillion bytes (10¹²).
太字节 (TB): 大约1万亿字节（10¹²）。
Binary: A base-2 number system using only the digits 0 and 1, fundamental to all digital computers.
二进制: 一种仅使用数字0和1的基数为2的数制，所有数字计算机的基础。
Denary / Decimal: The base-10 number system we use in everyday life, using digits 0–9.
十进制: 我们日常生活中使用的基数为10的数制，使用数字0–9。
Hexadecimal: A base-16 system using digits 0–9 and letters A (10) to F (15), often used to represent binary values more compactly.
十六进制: 基数为16的数制，使用数字0–9和字母A(10)到F(15)，常用于更紧凑地表示二进制值。
Binary Addition rry 1, 1+1+carry=1 carry 1. An overflow occurs when the result exceeds the available bits.
二进制加法: 两个二进制数相加的过程，遵循规则：0+0=0, 1+0=1, 1+1=0进1, 1+1+进位=1进1。当结果超出可用位数时发生溢出。
ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange; a 7-bit character set encoding 128 characters including letters, digits and symbols.
ASCII: 美国信息交换标准代码；7位字符集，编码128个字符，包括字母、数字和符号。
Unicode: A comprehensive character encoding standard designed to represent text of all writing systems, using up to 32 bits per character.
Unicode: 一种全面的字符编码标准，旨在表示所有书写系统的文本，每个字符最多使用32位。
Pixel: The smallest addressable element in a raster image, represented by binary values that encode its colour.
像素: 光栅图像中最小的可寻址元素，由编码其颜色的二进制值表示。
Colour Depth: The number of bits used to represent the colour of a single pixel; higher colour depth allows more distinct colours.
色彩深度: 用于表示单个像素颜色的位数；更高的色彩深度允许更多不同的颜色。
Resolution , : The number of pixels in an image, typically given as width × height (e.g. 1920×1080); higher resolution means more detail.
分辨率: 图像中的像素数量，通常以宽×高给出（如1920×1080）；分辨率越高，细节越丰富。
Metadata: Additional data stored with an image file, such as dimensions, colour depth, date created, and camera settings.
元数据: 与图像文件一同存储的附加数据，如尺寸、色彩深度、创建日期和相机设置。
Sample Rate: The number of audio samples taken per second when converting an analogue sound wave to digital; measured in hertz (Hz). Typical rates are 44.1 kHz (CD quality).
采样率: 将模拟声波转换为数字时每秒采集的样本数；以赫兹(Hz)为单位。典型采样率为44.1 kHz（CD音质）。
Bit Depth (Audio): The number of bits used to represent each sound sample; higher bit depth gives finer volume gradation and less noise.
位深度（音频）: 用于表示每个声音样本的位数；位深度越高，音量层级越细腻，噪声越少。
Lossy Compression: A compression method that permanently removes some data to reduce file size; used for JPEG images and MP3 audio. Original quality cannot be fully restored.
有损压缩: 一种通过永久删除部分数据来减小文件大小的压缩方法；用于JPEG图像和MP3音频。原始质量无法完全恢复。
Lossless Compression: A compression method that reduces file size without any loss of original data, allowing exact reconstruction; used for PNG images and ZIP archives.
无损压缩: 一种在不丢失任何原始数据的情况下减小文件大小的压缩方法，允许精确重建；用于PNG图像和ZIP归档。
2. Computer Systems & Von Neumann Architecture | 计算机系统与冯·诺依曼架构
CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer that fetches, decodes and executes instructions; consists of the ALU, control unit and registers.
CPU（中央处理器）: 计算机的大脑，负责取指、译码和执行指令；由ALU、控制单元和寄存器组成。
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Part of the CPU that performs arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT).
ALU（算术逻辑单元）: CPU的一部分，执行算术运算（加法、减法）和逻辑运算（AND、OR、NOT）。
Control Unit (CU): The component that directs the flow of data and coordinates the fetch-decode-execute cycle by sending control signals.
控制单元 (CU): 指挥数据流并通过发送控制信号协调取指-译码-执行周期的组件。
Program Counter (PC): A register that holds the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched.
程序计数器 (PC): 保存下一条待取指令的内存地址的寄存器。
MAR (Memory Address Register): Holds the address of the memory location currently being accessed.
MAR（存储器地址寄存器）: 保存当前正在访问的内存位置的地址。
MDR (Memory Data Register): Holds the data being transferred to or from memory; also called the Memory Buffer Register.
MDR（存储器数据寄存器）: 保存正在与内存之间传输的数据；也称为存储器缓冲寄存器。
Accumulator (ACC): A register that stores the intermediate results of calculations performed by the ALU.
累加器 (ACC): 存储ALU执行计算后的中间结果的寄存器。
Clock Speed: The speed at which a processor executes instructions, measured in hertz (Hz). A faster clock speed means more cycles per second, usually leading to better performance.
时钟速度: 处理器执行指令的速度，以赫兹(Hz)为单位。时钟速度越快，每秒周期数越多，通常带来更好的性能。
Cores: Individual processing units within a CPU; a dual-core processor can handle two separate tasks simultaneously, improving multitasking.
核心: CPU内部的独立处理单元；双核处理器可以同时处理两个独立任务，改善多任务处理能力。
Cache: Small, very fast memory located inside or near the CPU, used to store frequently accessed instructions and data to reduce access time.
缓存: 位于CPU内部或附近的很小且非常快的内存，用于存储频繁访问的指令和数据以减少访问时间。
Von Neumann Architecture: A computer architecture where data and instructions share the same memory and buses; features a single control unit and sequential instruction processing.
冯·诺依曼架构: 一种数据与指令共享同一内存和总线的计算机体系结构；具有单一控制单元和顺序指令处理。
Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle: The continuous process the CPU follows: fetch an instruction from memory, decode it into signals, and execute the required operation, then repeat.
取指-译码-执行周期: CPU遵循的连续过程：从内存取指令，将其译码为控制信号，并执行所需操作，然后重复。
Embedded System: A computer system with a dedicated function within a larger device (e.g. microwave, washing machine); often has limited resources and runs firmware.
嵌入式系统: 在较大设备内具有专用功能的计算机系统（如微波炉、洗衣机）；通常资源有限并运行固件。
RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile main memory that holds data and programs currently in use; loses its contents when power is turned off.
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