📚 Year 11 CAIE Computer: Glossary & Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | Year 11 CAIE 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key terms is essential for success in the Year 11 CAIE Computer Science exam. This quick guide collects the most important vocabulary students need to know, grouped by topic for efficient revision. Each term is defined clearly in English and Chinese, making it easy to memorise and recall under pressure.
掌握关键术语是 Year 11 CAIE 计算机科学考试成功的基础。这份速记指南按主题整理了需要掌握的最重要词汇，每个术语均配有清晰的中英文定义，便于高效复习和快速回忆。
1. Data Representation | 数据表示
Bit: the smallest unit of data, a binary digit that is either 0 or 1.
位（比特）：数据的最小单位，一个二进制数位，取值为 0 或 1。
Byte: a group of 8 bits, often used to represent a single character.
字节：一组 8 个位，通常用于表示一个字符。
Nibble: half a byte, i.e. 4 bits.
半字节：半个字节，即 4 个位。
Binary: a number system using only two digits, 0 and 1.
二进制：仅使用 0 和 1 两个数字的数制。
Denary: the base‑10 number system we use in everyday life (digits 0–9).
十进制：我们日常生活使用的基数为 10 的数制（数字 0–9）。
Hexadecimal: a base‑16 system using digits 0–9 and letters A–F, convenient for representing binary data compactly.
十六进制：基数为 16 的数制，使用数字 0–9 和字母 A–F，便于紧凑表示二进制数据。
Overflow: an error that occurs when a calculation produces a result too large to be stored in the available number of bits.
溢出：当计算结果超出可用位数所能存储的最大值时发生的错误。
ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange; a 7‑bit character set that can represent 128 different characters.
ASCII：美国信息交换标准代码；一个 7 位字符集，可表示 128 种不同的字符。
Unicode: a much larger character encoding standard designed to represent text in all writing systems of the world.
Unicode：一种更大规模的字符编码标准，旨在表示全世界所有书写系统的文字。
Pixel: the smallest addressable element of a digital image, effectively a tiny square of colour.
像素：数字图像中最小的可寻址元素，实际上是一个微小的色块。
Resolution: the total number of pixels in an image, typically given as width × height.
分辨率：图像中像素的总数，通常表示为宽度 × 高度。
Colour depth: the number of bits used to represent the colour of a single pixel; a higher colour depth allows more colours.
色彩深度：用于表示单个像素颜色的位数；色彩深度越高，能显示的颜色越多。
Sample rate: for digitising sound, the number of audio samples taken per second, measured in Hertz (Hz).
采样率：声音数字化时，每秒采集的音频样本数，单位为赫兹（Hz）。
Bit depth: in sound, the number of bits used to store each sample; it determines the precision of the amplitude recording.
位深度：在声音中，用于存储每个样本的位数；它决定了振幅记录的精度。
2. Hardware | 硬件
CPU: Central Processing Unit, the brain of the computer that executes instructions.
中央处理器：计算机的大脑，负责执行指令。
ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit; part of the CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations.
算术逻辑单元：中央处理器的一部分，执行算术和逻辑运算。
Control Unit (CU): component of the CPU that directs the operation of the processor, decoding instructions and controlling data flow.
控制单元：中央处理器的组成部分，通过解码指令和控制数据流来指挥处理器工作。
Cache: a small, high‑speed memory inside the CPU that stores frequently used data and instructions to speed up processing.
高速缓存：中央处理器内部的小容量高速存储器，用于存放频繁使用的数据和指令以加快处理速度。
Register: a very fast, small storage location directly inside the CPU; examples include PC, MAR, MDR and ACC.
寄存器：中央处理器内部极快的小容量存储位置；例如程序计数器、MAR、MDR 和累加器。
Von Neumann architecture: a computer design where program instructions and data share the same memory and buses.
冯·诺依曼体系结构：一种计算机设计，程序指令和数据共用同一内存和总线。
RAM: Random Access Memory; volatile memory that stores data and programs currently in use.
随机存取存储器（RAM）：易失性存储器，存放当前正在使用的数据和程序。
ROM: Read‑Only Memory; non‑volatile memory that typically holds the boot program or firmware.
只读存储器（ROM）：非易失性存储器，通常存放引导程序或固件。
Secondary storage: non‑volatile storage used for saving data long‑term, e.g. HDD, SSD, USB flash drive.
辅助存储器：用于长期保存数据的非易失性存储设备，例如硬盘、固态硬盘、U盘。
Input device: hardware that allows data to be entered into a computer, e.g. keyboard, mouse, sensor.
输入设备：允许将数据输入计算机的硬件，例如键盘、鼠标、传感器。
Output device: hardware that communicates the result of processing to the user, e.g. monitor, printer, speaker.
输出设备：将处理结果传递给用户的硬件，例如显示器、打印机、扬声器。
3. Software | 软件
System software: programs that manage and control the computer hardware so that application software can run; includes the operating system and utilities.
系统软件：用于管理和控制计算机硬件，使应用软件能够运行的程序；包括操作系统和实用工具。
Application software: programs designed to perform specific tasks for the user, e.g. word processor, spreadsheet.
应用软件：为用户执行特定任务而设计的程序，例如文字处理、电子表格。
Operating system: system software that controls hardware resources and provides a user interface; examples include Windows, macOS, Linux.
操作系统：控制硬件资源并提供用户界面的系统软件；例如 Windows、macOS、Linux。
Utility software: system software designed to help maintain or manage the computer system, e.g. antivirus, disk defragmenter.
实用工具软件：用于帮助维护或管理计算机的系统软件，例如杀毒软件、磁盘碎片整理。
Compiler: a program that translates the whole high‑level source code into machine code at once, producing an executable file.
编译器：一次性将整个高级语言源代码翻译为机器码，并生成可执行文件的程序。
Interpreter: a program that translates high‑level code line‑by‑line and executes it immediately, without producing a separate executable.
解释器：逐行翻译高级语言代码并立即执行的程序，不生成独立的可执行文件。
Assembler: a program that converts assembly language code into machine code.
汇编器：将汇编语言代码转换为机器码的程序。
4. Networking Basics | 网络基础
LAN: Local Area Network; a network that connects computers within a small geographic area, such as a school or office building.
局域网：在小地理范围内连接计算机的网络，例如学校或办公楼。
WAN: Wide Area Network; a network that covers a large geographical area, often composed of several LANs, e.g. the Internet.
广域网：覆盖大地理范围的网络，通常由多个局域网组成，例如互联网。
Client‑server model: a network architecture in which clients request services and servers provide them.
客户端‑服务器模型：一种网络架构，客户端请求服务，服务器提供服务。
Peer‑to‑peer (P2P): a network model in which computers act as both clients and servers, sharing resources directly without a central server.
对等网络：一种网络模型，计算机同时充当客户端和服务器，无需中央服务器直接共享资源。
IP address: a unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network, used to identify and locate it.
IP 地址：分配给网络上每个设备的唯一数字标签，用于标识和定位设备。
MAC address: a hardware‑embedded unique identifier for a network interface card, does not normally change.
MAC 地址：网络接口卡上硬件嵌入的唯一标识符，通常不会改变。
Router: a networking device that forwards data packets between different networks, often connecting a LAN to the Internet.
路由器：在不同网络之间转发数据包的网络设备，通常将局域网连接到互联网。
Switch: a device that connects devices within the same network and forwards data intelligently to the specific destination device.
交换机：在同一网络内连接设备，并智能地将数据转发到特定目标设备的设备。
Packet: a small unit of data transmitted over a network, containing source and destination addresses, data and error‑checking information.
数据包：在网络上传输的一小段数据单元，包含源地址、目的地址、数据和错误校检信息。
Protocol: a set of rules that govern how data is transmitted and received over a network, e.g. HTTP, TCP/IP.
协议：规定数据如何在网络上传输和接收的一套规则，例如 HTTP、TCP/IP。
Bandwidth: the maximum data transfer rate of a network connection, usually measured in bits per second.
带宽：网络连接的最大数据传输速率，通常以比特每秒衡量。
5. Network Security | 网络安全
Malware: malicious software designed to damage, disrupt or gain unauthorised access to a computer system.
恶意软件：旨在破坏、扰乱或未经授权访问计算机系统的恶意软件。
Virus: a type of malware that attaches itself to legitimate programs or files and spreads when they are executed.
病毒：一种恶意软件，依附于合法程序或文件，并在其运行时传播。
Worm: a standalone malware that replicates itself across networks without needing a host program.
蠕虫：一种独立存在的恶意软件，无需宿主程序即可通过网络自我复制。
Trojan horse: malware disguised as legitimate software, tricking users into installing it.
特洛伊木马：伪装成合法软件的恶意软件，诱骗用户安装。
Spyware: software that secretly monitors and collects user information without consent.
间谍软件：在未征得同意的情况下秘密监视和收集用户信息的软件。
Phishing: a social engineering attack where fraudulent emails or websites trick users into revealing sensitive information.
网络钓鱼：一种社会工程攻击，通过欺诈电子邮件或网站诱骗用户泄露敏感信息。
Firewall: a security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.
防火墙：根据预定安全规则监视和控制进出网络流量的安全系统。
Encryption: the process of converting plaintext data into ciphertext to prevent unauthorised access; decryption reverses the process.
加密：将明文数据转换为密文以防止未经授权访问的过程；解密则是相反的过程。
SSL/TLS: Secure Sockets Layer / Transport Layer Security; protocols that encrypt data transmitted over the Internet, commonly used for secure websites (HTTPS).
SSL/TLS：安全套接层 / 传输层安全协议；用于加密互联网上传输的数据，常用于安全网站（HTTPS）。
Two‑factor authentication: a security method that requires two different types of identification before granting access, e.g. password plus a code sent to a phone.
双因素认证：要求提供两种不同类型的身份验证才能授予访问权限的安全方法，例如密码加发送到手机的一次性代码。
6. Databases | 数据库
Database: a structured collection of data stored electronically so that it can be easily accessed, managed and updated.
数据库：以电子方式存储的结构化数据集合，便于访问、管理和更新。
Table: in a relational database, a set of records organised in rows and columns.
表：在关系数据库中，按行和列组织的一组记录。
Record: a single row in a table, representing one instance of the entity stored.
记录：表中的一行，代表所存储实体的一个实例。
Field: a single column in a table, holding a specific attribute of the entity.
字段：表中的一列，保存实体的一项特定属性。
Primary key: a field that uniquely identifies each record in a table; its value must be unique and not null.
主键：唯一标识表中每条记录的字段；其值必须唯一且不为空。
Foreign key: a field in one table that refers to the primary key of another table, used to establish relationships between tables.
外键：表中指向另一张表主键的字段，用于建立表与表之间的关系。
Query: a request for data or information from a database, typically written in SQL.
查询：从数据库请求数据或信息的语句，通常用 SQL 编写。
SQL: Structured Query Language, the standard language used to manage and query relational databases.
SQL（结构化查询语言）：用于管理和查询关系数据库的标准语言。
7. Algorithms and Pseudocode | 算法与伪代码
Algorithm: a step‑by‑step set of instructions designed to perform a specific task or solve a problem.
算法：为执行特定任务或解决问题而设计的一组步骤指令。
Pseudocode: a way of describing algorithms using a mixture of natural language and programming‑like structures, without strict syntax.
伪代码：一种使用自然语言和类似编程结构描述算法的方法，没有严格的语法。
Flowchart: a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm, using standard symbols (oval, parallelogram, rectangle, diamond) connected by arrows.
流程图：使用标准符号（椭圆、平行四边形、矩形、菱形）并通过箭头连接的算法图形表示。
Linear search: a search algorithm that checks every element in a list one by one until the target is found or the list ends.
线性搜索：逐个检查列表中每个元素，直到找到目标或列表结束的搜索算法。
Binary search: an efficient search algorithm that works on sorted lists by repeatedly dividing the search interval in half.
二分搜索：一种高效的搜索算法，要求列表已排序，通过反复将搜索区间减半来查找目标。
Bubble sort: a simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the list, compares adjacent elements and swaps them if they are in the wrong order.
冒泡排序：一种简单的排序算法，反复遍历列表，比较相邻元素并在顺序错误时交换它们。
Insertion sort: a sorting algorithm that builds the final sorted list one item at a time, inserting each new element into its correct position.
插入排序：一种排序算法，每次将一个元素插入到已排序列表的正确位置，逐步构建最终的有序列表。
Trace table: a table used to track the values of variables and conditions as an algorithm is executed, essential for debugging.
追踪表：用于在算法执行时跟踪变量和条件值的表格，是调试的重要工具。
8. Programming Basics | 编程基础
Variable: a named storage location in memory whose value can change during program execution.
变量：内存中命名的存储位置，其值在程序执行期间可以改变。
Constant: a named storage location whose value does not change once it is set.
常量：命名的存储位置，其值一旦设定便不再改变。
Data type: a classification that specifies what type of data a variable can hold, e.g. integer, real, char, string, Boolean.
数据类型：规定变量可存放何种数据的分类，例如整型、实型、字符、字符串、布尔型。
Declaration: the statement that defines the identifier and data type of a variable or constant, without necessarily assigning a value.
声明：定义变量或常量的标识符和数据类型的语句，不一定需要赋值。
Assignment: giving a value to a variable, usually using the ← or = symbol.
赋值：给变量赋予一个值，通常使用 ← 或 = 符号。
Sequence: a programming construct where instructions are executed one after the other in order.
顺序：指令按顺序依次执行的一种编程结构。
Selection: a construct that allows different code paths depending on a condition, typically implemented with IF...THEN...ELSE.
选择：根据条件允许不同代码路径的结构，通常用 IF...THEN...ELSE 实现。
Iteration: a construct that repeats a block of code; can be count‑controlled (FOR) or condition‑controlled (WHILE, REPEAT...UNTIL).
迭代：重复执行一段代码的结构；可分为计数控制（FOR）和条件控制（WHILE、REPEAT...UNTIL）。
Array: a data structure that can hold multiple values of the same data type, accessed using an index.
数组：可以存放多个相同数据类型值的数据结构，通过索引访问。
Subroutine: a named section of code that performs a specific task; can be a procedure (returns no value) or a function (returns a value).
子程序：执行特定任务的有名代码段；可以是过程（不返回值）或函数（返回值）。
Procedure: a subroutine that carries out actions but does not return a value.
过程：执行操作但不返回值的子程序。
Function: a subroutine that performs a task and returns a value to the calling code.
函数：执行任务并向调用代码返回一个值的子程序。
9. Data Structures | 数据结构
One‑dimensional array: an array with a single row of elements, accessed by a single index.
一维数组：只有一行元素的数组，通过单一索引访问。
Two‑dimensional array: an array organised in rows and columns, accessed by two indices (e.g. grid[2,3]).
二维数组：按行和列组织的数组，通过两个索引访问（如 grid[2,3]）。
Record: a composite data structure that can hold fields of different data types, used to represent an entity.
记录：一种可以存放不同数据类型字段的复合数据结构，用于表示一个实体。
File: a collection of data stored as a unit on secondary storage, which programs can read from or write to.
文件：作为一个单元存储在辅存上的数据集合，程序可以从中读取或写入。
String manipulation: operations performed on strings, such as extracting substrings, finding the length, concatenation and converting case.
字符串操作：对字符串执行的操作，例如提取子串、求长度、连接和大小写转换。
10. Logic Gates | 逻辑门电路
Logic gate: an electronic circuit that performs a logical operation on one or more binary inputs to produce a single binary output.
逻辑门电路：对一路或多路二进制输入执行逻辑运算并产生单路二进制输出的电子电路。
AND gate: outputs 1 only when all inputs are 1. Symbol: • or ∧. Truth table: 0·0=0, 0·1=0, 1·0=0, 1·1=1.
与门：仅当所有输入均为 1 时输出 1。符号：• 或 ∧。
OR gate: outputs 1 if at least one input is 1. Symbol: + or ∨. Truth table: 0+0=0, 0+1=1, 1+0=1, 1+1=1.
或门：只要至少一路输入为 1，输出即为 1。符号：+ 或 ∨。
NOT gate: outputs the inverse of the input; if input is 0 output is 1, and vice versa. Symbol: a bar over the variable or ¬.
非门：输出输入的反相；输入为 0 则输出 1，反之亦然。符号：变量上划横线或 ¬。
NAND gate: an AND gate followed by a NOT; outputs 0 only when all inputs are 1.
与非门：与门后再接非门；仅当所有输入均为 1 时输出 0。
NOR gate: an OR gate followed by a NOT; outputs 1 only when all inputs are 0.
或非门：或门后再接非门；仅当所有输入均为 0 时输出 1。
XOR gate: "exclusive OR"; outputs 1 when the inputs are different. Symbol: ⊕.
异或门：“互斥或”；当输入不同时输出 1。符号：⊕。
Truth table: a table showing all possible input combinations for a logic circuit and the corresponding output.
真值表：列出逻辑电路所有可能输入组合及其对应输出的表格。
Boolean expression: a mathematical statement combining Boolean variables using logic operators; it can be simplified using Boolean algebra.
布尔表达式：使用逻辑运算符组合布尔变量的数学语句，可通过布尔代数化简。
11. Computer Architecture | 计算机体系结构
Fetch‑execute cycle: the continuous process by which the CPU fetches an instruction from memory, decodes it and then
Published by TutorHao | Year 11 Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图