📚 Year 11 OCR Psychology: Key Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 11 OCR 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering psychology terminology is essential for success in the OCR GCSE. This guide pairs clear definitions in both English and Chinese with speedy memory tricks, covering research methods, memory, social influence, criminal psychology, development, psychological problems, sleep and dreaming, and beyond. Use these bilingual explanations to build a solid vocabulary foundation and sharpen your exam skills.
掌握心理学词汇是 OCR GCSE 取得好成绩的关键。本指南将中英文清晰定义与快速记忆窍门相结合，覆盖研究方法、记忆、社会影响、犯罪心理学、发展、心理问题、睡眠与梦等模块。利用这些双语解释，打好词汇基础，提升应试能力。
1. Research Methods & Research Design Terminology | 研究方法与研究设计术语
Independent Variable (IV) – The variable that the researcher deliberately manipulates to observe its effect on the dependent variable. Mnemonic: 'I change the IV'.
自变量 (IV)——研究者主动操控的变量，用以观察它对因变量的影响。记忆窍门：“自变量”由“我”做主。
Dependent Variable (DV) – The variable that is measured; its value depends on the IV. Tip: 'DV depends on IV'.
因变量 (DV)——被测量的变量，其数值依赖于自变量。记忆窍门：“因”随“自”变。
Extraneous Variable – Any variable other than the IV that could affect the DV if not controlled. Think of 'extra' factors that could creep in.
额外变量/干扰变量——除自变量外任何可能影响因变量的变量，需加以控制。记忆窍门：“额外”因素要防住。
Confounding Variable – An “ lly with the IV and is therefore a true alternative explanation for the results. Remember: 'con' = corrupts your findings.
混淆变量——随着自变量系统变化的干扰变量，会提供对结果的另一解释。记忆窍门：“混”进去的变量会歪曲结论。
Hypothesis – A precise, testable statement predicting the relationship between the IV and DV. Use 'If...then...' to frame it.
研究假设——一个精确、可检验的预测陈述，说明自变量与因变量的关系。窍门：用“如果……那么……”句式。
Null Hypothesis – ationship or difference between the IV and DV; any observed effect is due to chance. Think 'null = nothing'.
零假设——陈述自变量与因变量之间没有显著关系或差异，观察到的效应源于偶然。记忆窍门：零就是“没有”。
Alternative Hypothesis – States there is a significant relationship or difference between the IV and DV. Can be directional (one‑tailed) or non‑directional (two‑tailed).
备择假设——声称自变量与因变量之间存在显著关系或差异。可以是方向性（单尾）或非方向性（双尾）。
Operationalisation – The process of clearly defining variables in measurable terms. Ask yourself: 'How will I count or rate this?'
操作性定义——用可测量的方式把变量明确界定的过程。问自己：“如何量化它？”
Standardisation – Keeping procedures and instructions the same for all participants to minimise extraneous variables. Think of a 'standard script'.
标准化——让所有参与者接受同样的流程和指导语，以减少干扰变量。记忆窍门：通通用同一份“标准脚本”。
Control Condition – es not receive the experimental treatment, serving as a baseline for comparison. Remember: 'control = compare'.
控制条件——不施加实验处理的组别，作为比较的基线。记忆窍门：“控制”组用来“比较”。
2. Experiments & Variables Terminology | 实验与变量术语
Laboratory Experiment – An experiment conducted in a highly controlled, artificial setting. High internal validity but often lacking ecological validity.
实验室实验——在高度受控的人工环境中进行的实验。内部效度高，但生态效度常不足。
Field Experiment – An experiment carried out in a natural environment, where the IV is still deliberately manipulated. Better ecological validity, less control over extraneous variables.
现场实验——在自然环境中进行的实验，仍主动操控自变量。生态效度较高，对额外变量的控制较弱。
Natural Experiment – The IV occurs naturally (e.g., a flood, new policy) and the researcher simply measures the DV. Participants are not randomly allocated.
自然实验——自变量自然发生（如洪水、新政策），研究者只测量因变量。参与者并非随机分配。
Quasi‑experiment – The IV is based on a pre‑existing characteristic (e.g., age, gender) and cannot be manipulated. Compare: 'quasi = as‑if'.
准实验——自变量基于已有特征（如年龄、性别）且不可操控。记忆窍门：“准”实验像真实验但不完全是。
Repeated Measures Design – The same participants take part in all conditions. Risk of order effects, but fewer participant variables.
重复测量设计——相同参与者参与所有条件。有顺序效应风险，但参与者变量较少。
Independent Groups Design – Different participants are used in each condition. Avoids order effects but needs more participants and may introduce participant variables.
独立组设计——每条件使用不同的参与者。避免顺序效应，但需要更多参与者且可能引入参与者变量。
Matched Pairs Design – Participants are matched on key characteristics and then split across conditions. Think: 'pair up then split'.
配对组设计——参与者按关键特质配对后再分派到各条件。记忆窍门：先配对，再分开。
Order Effects – When the sequence of conditions influences performance (practice, fatigue). Controlled by counterbalancing.
顺序效应——条件呈现顺序影响表现（练习效应、疲劳效应）。用平衡抵消法控制。
Counterbalancing – A technique to combat order effects by varying the order of conditions across participants. ABBA or full rotation.
平衡抵消法——通过变化条件顺序来克服顺序效应的技术，如 ABBA 或完全轮换。
Random Allocation – Assigning participants to conditions purely by chance to minimise bias. Think: 'random = fairest'.
随机分配——纯粹凭机会将参与者分派到不同条件，以减少偏差。记忆窍门：抽签决定最公平。
3. Data Handling & Descriptive Statistics Terminology | 数据处理与描述统计术语
Primary Data – Data collected first‑hand by the researcher for a specific purpose. Tip: 'Primary = personally gathered'.
一手数据——研究者为特定目的亲自收集的资料。记忆窍门：自己采集的就是“初级”数据。
Secondary Data – ata previously collected by others for a different purpose, such as government statistics. 'Secondary = second‑hand'.
二手数据——他人先前为其他目的收集的数据，如政府统计。记忆窍门：二手资料是“间接”获得。
Qualitative Data – Non‑numerical, descriptive data (e.g., interview transcripts). Rich in detail but harder to analyse.
性质数据/质性数据——非数字的描述性资料（如访谈记录）。细节丰富，但分析较难。
Quantitative Data – Numerical data that can be measured and expressed in quantities. Easy to analyse statistically.
数量数据/量化数据——可测量、能以数量表示的数字型数据。容易进行统计分析。
Mean – The arithmetic average, calculated by summing all scores and dividing by the number of scores. Sensitive to outliers.
平均数/均值——所有分数之和除以分数个数。易受极端值影响。
Median – The middle score when data are ordered from lowest to highest. Not affected by outliers.
中位数——把数据从低到高排序后位于中间的那个数值。不受极端值影响。
Mode – The most frequently occurring score in a dataset. There can be more than one mode.
众数——数据集中出现次数最多的数值。可以有不止一个众数。
Range – e difference between the highest and lowest scores. A quick measure of spread: range = max – min.
全距/范围——最高分与最低分之差。是衡量离散程度的快捷方式。
Standard Deviation (SD) – A measure of how spread out scores are around the mean. A small SD means data cluster tightly.
标准差 (SD)——衡量分数围绕均值的分散程度。标准差小，数据越集中。
4. Memory Terminology | 记忆关键术语
Short‑Term Memory (STM) – A temporary storage system with limited capacity (7±2 items) and duration (around 18–30 seconds). Information is encoded mainly acoustically.
短时记忆 (STM)——容量有限（7±2个组块）、持续时间短（约18–30秒）的暂时储存系统，主要按声学编码。
Long‑Term Memory (LTM) – A store with potentially unlimited capacity and duration. Encoding is mainly semantic. Think of it as your permanent hard drive.
长时记忆 (LTM)——容量和时间几乎无限的储存库，主要按语义编码。可类比为永久硬盘。
Capacity – The amount of information a memory store can hold. STM is famously 7±2 (Miller's magic number).
容量——记忆储存库能容纳的信息量。STM 的容量常被引述为 7±2（米勒的神奇数字）。
Duration – How long information remains in a memory store without rehearsal. STM: seconds; LTM: years or a lifetime.
持续时间——信息在无复述的情况下能在记忆库中保持多久。STM 秒计，LTM 可长达数年。
Encoding – The format in which information is stored. STM prefers acoustic; LTM likes semantic. Picture: 'sound for STM, meaning for LTM'.
编码——信息储存的格式。STM 偏好声学编码，LTM 偏好语义编码。联想：短时听声，长时懂意。
Episodic Memory – A type of LTM for personal experiences and events, including time and place. 'Episodic = episodes of your life'.
情景记忆——长时记忆中储存个人经历事件的部分，包含时空细节。记忆窍门：“情景”如同人生剧集。
Semantic Memory – LTM for facts, concepts and knowledge about the world. Think 'semantic = shared meaning'.
语义记忆——长时记忆中储存事实、概念和世界知识的系统。记忆窍门：语义就是共通的含义。
Procedural Memory – LTM for skills and actions, often recalled without conscious awareness. Riding a bike is a classic example.
程序性记忆——长时记忆中储存技能与动作的部分，常可无意识提取。骑自行车就是经典例子。
Reconstructive Memory – Bartlett's theory that memory is an active process involving schemas; recall is rebuilt rather than replayed.
重构性记忆——巴特利特的理论，认为记忆是涉及图式的主动过程，回忆是重建而非回放。
5. Social Influence Terminology | 社会影响关键术语
Conformity – A change in behaviour or belief to align with a group norm, often due to real or imagined pressure. Asch's line study illustrates this.
从众——因真实或想象的压力而改变行为或信念以配合群体规范。阿希的线段实验说明了这一现象。
Obedience – Following direct orders from an authority figure, even if they conflict with personal conscience. Milgram's shock study is key.
服从——遵循权威人物的直接命令，即使与个人良心冲突。米尔格拉姆的电击实验是关键。
Compliance – Superficial conformity where a person publicly agrees but privately disagrees. Remember: 'comply on the outside, disagree inside'.
顺从/表面从众——公开同意而私下不认同的肤浅从众。记忆窍门：身服心不服。
Internalisation – Deep conformity where a person genuinely adopts the group's beliefs both publicly and privately. 'Inside it becomes your view'.
内化——公开且私下都真正接受群体信念的深层从众。记忆窍门：内化就是变成自己的。
Identification – Conformity where a person temporarily adopts a group's behaviour to establish a relationship, but does not privately change.
认同——暂时采纳群体行为以建立关系，但私下并未改变。想象加入球迷俱乐部。
Normative Social Influence – Conforming to be liked and accepted. Linked to compliance. Think: 'normative = need to belong'.
规范社会影响——为被喜爱和接纳而顺应。通常导致顺从。记忆窍门：遵从规范，求归属。
Informational Social Influence – Conforming because one believes the group holds the correct information. Linked to internalisation.
信息社会影响——因相信群体掌握正确信息而顺应。通常导致内化。记忆窍门：向“信息”看齐。
Bystander Effect – The phenomenon whereby individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present. Diffusion of responsibility plays a role.
旁观者效应——有他人在场时，个体在紧急情况下出手相助的可能性降低。责任分散起作用。
Deindividuation – Loss of self‑awareness and personal identity in a crowd, leading to disinhibited behaviour. Remember: 'de‑individual = no personal identity'.
去个性化——在群体中自我意识和个体身份感降低，导致行为去抑制。记忆窍门：抹掉个体，融入群体。
6. Criminal Psychology Terminology | 犯罪心理学关键术语
Extraversion (Eysenck) – A personality dimension characterised by sociability, excitement‑seeking and low resting arousal. High extraverts may seek stimulation through risky behaviour.
外向性（艾森克）——以好社交、寻求兴奋、静息觉醒水平低为特征的人格维度。高外向者可能通过冒险行为寻求刺激。
Neuroticism (Eysenck) – A dimension reflecting emotional instability; high neuroticism means anxiousness and reactivity. The 'N' in the PEN model.
神经质（艾森克）——反映情绪不稳定性的维度；高神经质意味着焦虑易感。PEN 模型中的 N。
Psychoticism (Eysenck) – Linked to being cold, solitary, and lacking empathy. High psychoticism is associated with antisocial tendencies.
精神质（艾森克）——与冷漠、孤僻、缺乏共情相关。高精神质与反社会倾向有关联。
Inherited Criminality – The biological explanation that genetic factors predispose individuals to criminal behaviour. Twin and adoption studies provide evidence.
遗传犯罪倾向——生物学解释，认为遗传因素使个体具有犯罪倾向。双生子和领养研究为其提供证据。
Amygdala Dysfunction – Abnormalities in the amygdala are linked to reduced fear conditioning and empathy, potentially increasing criminal behaviour.
杏仁核功能异常——杏仁核异常与恐惧条件反射和共情减弱有关，可能增加犯罪行为的风险。
Social Learning Theory (Criminal) – Criminal behaviour is learned through observation, modelling, and vicarious reinforcement. Remember: 'Bobo doll generalised to crime'.
社会学习理论（犯罪）——犯罪行为通过观察、示范和替代强化习得。记忆窍门：观察模仿，奖励促犯罪。
Vicarious Reinforcement – being rewarded for a behaviour increases the likelihood that the observer will imitate it. 'Vicarious = through another's experience'.
替代强化——看到榜样因某行为受奖励，会增加观察者模仿该行为的可能性。记忆窍门：看他被表扬，我也想学样。
Restorative Justice – A process where offenders meet victims to understand the impact of their crime and agree on reparation. Focus on healing rather than punishment.
修复性司法——罪犯与受害者会面，了解犯罪影响并商定赔偿的过程。重在愈合而非惩罚。
7. Developmental Psychology Terminology | 发展心理学关键术语
Sensorimotor Stage (0–2 years) – Piaget's first stage; infants learn through senses and actions. Key milestone: object permanence.
感觉运动阶段（0–2岁）——皮亚杰的第一阶段；婴儿通过感官和动作学习。关键成果：客体永久性。
Pre‑operational Stage (2–7 years) – Children use symbols (words, images) but lack logical reasoning. Features: egocentrism and lack of conservation.
前运算阶段（2–7岁）——儿童使用符号，但缺乏逻辑推理。特征：自我中心和缺乏守恒
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