📚 CAIE Year 11 Biology: Quick Guide to Memorising Vocabulary & Terminology | CAIE 11年级生物：词汇术语速记指南
Memorising biology terminology doesn't have to be a chore. This guide breaks down key CAIE Year 11 vocabulary into manageable chunks, pairing each term with simple memory hooks, word roots and visual cues. English and Chinese explanations appear side‑by‑side so you can reinforce both language and science concepts simultaneously.
背诵生物术语不一定是苦差事。本指南将CAIE 11年级核心词汇拆分成易于掌握的小块，每个术语都配有简单的记忆钩子、词根和视觉提示。英文与中文解释并列呈现，帮助你在同步巩固语言和科学概念的同时轻松记忆。
1. Core Cell Biology Terms | 核心细胞生物学词汇
Nucleus – This control centre stores DNA. Link it to ‘nuclear’ and visualise a command bunker inside the cell. Think: ‘The nucleus knows everything.’
细胞核 – 这个控制中心储存DNA。把它与“nuclear（核能的）”联想，想象细胞内部的一个指挥堡垒。口诀：“细胞核无所不知。”
Cytoplasm – The jelly‑like substance where chemical reactions happen. ‘Cyto‑’ means cell, ‘‑plasm’ means fluid. Imagine a bustling factory floor.
细胞质 – 化学反生发生的果冻状物质。“cyto‑”表示细胞，“‑plasm”表示液体。想象热闹的工厂车间。
Cell membrane – A selectively permeable boundary controlling entry and exit. Memory aid: ‘The membrane is a bouncer at a club – it decides who gets in.’
细胞膜 – 控制物质进出细胞的半透性边界。记忆法：“细胞膜就像夜店保安——它决定谁能进去。”
Mitochondria – Site of aerobic respiration; often called the powerhouse. ‘Mito‑’ (thread) + ‘chondrion’ (grain) describe their shape. They produce ATP for energy.
线粒体 – 有氧呼吸的场所，通常被称为“能量工厂”。“mito‑”（线）加上“chondrion”（颗粒）描述了它们的形状。线粒体制造ATP供应能量。
Ribosome – Tiny structures that assemble proteins from amino acids. No membrane; found free or on rough ER. Rhyme to remember: ‘Ribo‑some makes protein fun.’
核糖体 – 将氨基酸组装成蛋白质的微小结构。没有膜，游离在细胞质中或附着在粗面内质网上。谐音记忆：“Ribo‑some, protein done.”
2. Movement of Substances | 物质进出细胞
Diffusion – Net movement of particles from high to low concentration, down a gradient. It is passive (no energy). Picture someone walking downhill – effortless.
扩散 – 粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，顺浓度梯度。属于被动运输（不耗能）。想象一个人轻松地下坡。
Osmosis – Diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane. Think ‘Osmosis is water’s own special journey.’
渗透 – 水分子通过半透膜的扩散。牢记：“渗透是水的专属通道。”
Active transport – Movement against the concentration gradient using protein carriers and ATP. It is ‘active’ because it needs energy, just like climbing a hill.
主动运输 – 逆浓度梯度的运输，需要载体蛋白和ATP。“主动”因为需要能量，如同爬山。
Turgor pressure – The pressure of water pushing the plasma membrane against the plant cell wall. Maintains support. In wilted plants, turgor is lost.
膨压 – 水推动质膜紧贴植物细胞壁的压力，维持支撑。萎蔫的植物就是失去了膨压。
Plasmolysis – When a plant cell shrinks in a hypertonic solution and the membrane pulls away from the wall. ‘Plasmo‑lyse’ – plasma pulls loose.
质壁分离 – 植物细胞在高渗溶液中失水，质膜与细胞壁分离。“plasmolysis”可以拆成“plasma + loose”。
3. Biological Molecules | 生物大分子
Carbohydrate – Compounds made from C, H, O (H:O = 2:1). ‘Carbo‑’ (carbon) + ‘hydrate’ (water) hints at the formula. Simple rhyme: ‘Carbs give you fast fuel.’
碳水化合物 – 由C、H、O组成的化合物（H:O = 2:1）。“carbo”表碳，“hydrate”表水，提示分子式。口诀：“碳水是快速燃料。”
Starch – A plant storage polysaccharide; insoluble, made of many glucose units. Test with iodine (turns blue‑black). Think ‘starchy potatoes store energy.’
淀粉 – 植物储存的多糖，不溶于水，由大量葡萄糖单元组成。用碘液检测会变蓝黑色。联想“淀粉含量高的马铃薯囤积能量”。
Glycogen – Animal storage carbohydrate in liver and muscles. It is highly branched for quick release. ‘Glyco‑’ means sweet; glycogen is a sweet energy stash.
糖原 – 动物肝脏和肌肉中储存的碳水化合物，支链很多，能快速释放。“glyco‑”意为甜，糖原是甜味的能量仓库。
Protein – mino acids, folded into specific shapes. Build muscle, enzymes and antibodies. Memory aid: ‘Pro‑tein = pro builder.’
蛋白质 – 由氨基酸聚合而成，折叠成特定形状。构成肌肉、酶和抗体。记忆法：“protein, 专业建筑队。”
Lipid – oils; made from fatty acids and glycerol. Insoluble in water, provide insulation and long‑term energy. ‘L‑ipid = Light and long‑lasting fuel.’
脂质 – 脂肪和油，由脂肪酸和甘油组成。不溶于水，提供保温和长效能量。联想“L”开头，像“long‑lasting”。
4. Enzymes | 酶
Enzyme – A biological catalyst that speeds up reactions without being used up. Most names end in ‘‑ase’. Think ‘Enzyme = ease, it makes reactions easier.’
酶 – 生物催化剂，加快反应而自身不被消耗。多数酶以“‑ase”结尾。联想“enzyme”听起来像“ease”，让反应更轻松。
Active site – The specific region of an enzyme where the substrate binds. The ‘lock‑and‑key’ model: only the right key (substrate) fits.
活性位点 – 酶分子上底物结合的特定位点。采用“锁‑钥”模型：只有对的钥匙（底物）才能插进锁孔。
Substrate – The reactant molecule that fits into the enzyme’s active site. ‘Sub‑strate’ – the substance under the enzyme’s action.
底物 – 与酶活性位点结合的反应物分子。“substrate”可拆为“sub（下）+ strate（层）”，是酶作用下被改变的底料。
Denaturation – me shape and function due to extreme pH or high temperature. The active site is destroyed. ‘Denature = de‑nature, lose natural shape.’
变性 – 极端pH或高温导致酶永久失去形状和功能，活性位点被破坏。联想“deform nature”，失去天性构型。
Optimum – which an enzyme works fastest. For most human enzymes, optimum temperature is about 37°C. ‘Optimum = the best point.’
最适条件 – 酶工作速率最快的pH或温度。人类大多数酶的最适温度约37°C。记忆：“optimum就是optimal moment。”
5. Plant Nutrition & Transport | 植物营养与运输
Photosynthesis – ess by which green plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose). Word roots: ‘photo‑’ = light, ‘synthesis’ = making. Overall equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
光合作用 – 绿色植物将光能转变为化学能（葡萄糖）的过程。词根：“photo‑”（光）+ “synthesis”（合成）。总方程式：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。
Chlorophyll – The green pigment inside chloroplasts that absorbs light energy. ‘Chloro‑’ = green, ‘‑phyll’ = leaf. Magnesium is essential for its production.
叶绿素 – 叶绿体内的绿色色素，吸收光能。“chloro‑”（绿）+ “‑phyll”（叶）提示它藏在绿叶里。镁对其合成至关重要。
Xylem – hat transport water and minerals upwards from roots. Strengthened by lignin. Memory trick: ‘Xy‑lem = water highway; xy looks like a branching root.’
木质部 – 死细胞形成的中空管道，将水和矿物质从根部向上运输。木质素强化管壁。“xylem”中的x像根系分支，lem像“lem水流”。
Phloem – Living tissue that transports sucrose and amino acids (translocation) both up and down. ‘Phloem flows food.’ Companion cells assist the sieve tubes.
韧皮部 – 活组织，双向运输蔗糖和氨基酸（输导作用）。“phloem”听起来像“flow food”。筛管由伴随细胞协助。
Transpiration – ation of water from leaf surfaces, creating a suction that pulls water up the xylem. Think ‘Trans‑piration = transferring water out like perspiration.’
蒸腾作用 – 水分从叶片表面蒸发，产生拉力将水沿木质部上吸。联想“transpiration像perspiration（出汗），叶片在蒸水”。
6. Human Nutrition & Digestion | 人体营养与消化
Ingestion – Taking food into the body through the mouth. Simply put, eating. ‘In‑gest’ – ‘carry in’.
摄入（摄食） – 食物经口进入身体，也就是进食。“ingest”意为“往里搬运”。
Digestion – rge, insoluble molecules into small, soluble ones using mechanical and chemical processes. ‘Di‑gest’ = ‘carry apart’.
消化 – 通过机械和化学过程将大分子食物分解为小分子可溶物质。“digest”可理解为“分解搬运”。
Absorption – luble products from the small intestine into the bloodstream. Villi increase surface area. ‘Ab‑sorption’ = ‘sucking up’.
吸收 – 小分子可溶产物从小肠进入血液的过程。绒毛扩大了吸收面积。“absorption”带有“吸”的含义。
Assimilation – take and use of absorbed nutrients by body cells to build new molecules or release energy. ‘Assimilation = accept into the system to make similar.’
同化 – 吸收的营养被体细胞摄取并用于建造新分子或释放能量。“assimilation”暗含“成为相似体”的意思。
Peristalsis – Wave‑ ns that push food along the alimentary canal. It happens even when you stand on your head. ‘Peri‑stalsis’ = around contraction.
蠕动 – 消化道肌肉的波浪式收缩，推动食物前进。即使倒立也会发生。“peristalsis”可拆为“peri（周围）+ stalsis（收缩）”。
7. Circulatory & Respiratory Systems | 循环与呼吸系统
Artery – d away from the heart, usually oxygenated (except pulmonary artery). Thick, elastic walls. ‘Artery = Away’ almost rhyme.
动脉 – 将血液带离心脏的血管，通常携带富氧血（肺动脉除外）。管壁厚且有弹性。谐音：“Artery, away you go。”.
Vein – Returns blood to the heart; thinner walls, wider lumen, contains valves. ‘Vein – valved vessel that brings blood IN.’
静脉 – 将血液送回心脏；管壁薄、管腔大、有瓣膜。记忆：“Vein有valves，把血收IN来。”
Capillary – Microscopic vessel with one‑cell‑thick walls; site of exchange. ‘Capillary = tiny hair (capill‑ means hair).’
毛细血管 – 管壁仅一层细胞厚的微小血管，物质交换的场所。“capillary”源自“capill（毛发）”，又细又密。
Haemoglobin – The red protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen. Contains iron. ‘Haemo‑’ = blood, ‘globin’ = globular protein. Iron gives the red colour.
血红蛋白 – 红细胞内结合氧气的红色蛋白，含铁。“haemo‑”（血）+“globin”（球状蛋白）。铁使它呈现红色。
Ventilation – nd out of the lungs (breathing). Intercostal muscles and diaphragm change thoracic volume. ‘Vent‑ilation = wind in.’
通气 – 空气进出肺部的运动（呼吸）。肋间肌和膈肌改变胸腔容积。“vent”词根与风有关，把风通进来。
Alveoli – Tiny air sacs in lungs where gas exchange occurs. Thin wall, moist, huge surface area. ‘Alveoli’ sounds like ‘alveolar pockets’, like little balloons.
肺泡 – 肺部气体交换的微小气囊。壁薄、湿润、表面积巨大。想象无数个小气球在肺泡里。
8. Coordination, Response & Homeostasis | 协调、反应与稳态
Neurone – A nerve cell that transmits electrical impulses. Three types: sensory, relay, motor. ‘Neur‑’ means nerve, ‘‑one’ like a unit. Think of a neuron as a wiring unit.
神经元 – 传导电冲动的神经细胞，分感觉神经元、联络神经元和运动神经元。“neur”表神经，“one”像单位。
Synapse – The junction between two neurones where neurotransmitters carry the signal. ‘Syn‑’ (together) + ‘apse’ (touch). It’s where one neuron almost touches the next.
突触 – 两个神经元之间的接头，神经递质在此传递信号。“syn”（一起）+“apse”（接触），传递点。
Reflex arc – The pathway of a reflex action from receptor to effector without conscious thought. Shortcut through the spinal cord. ‘Arc’ – electrical arc, rapid loop.
反射弧 – 从感受器到效应器的反射动作通路，不需大脑思考，经脊髓走捷径。“arc”如电弧，快速回路。
Insulin – n blood glucose is high; prompts cells to take up glucose and converts excess to glycogen. ‘Insulin = inserts glucose into cells.’
胰岛素 – 血糖过高时分泌的激素，促使细胞摄取葡萄糖并将多余者转化为糖原。记忆：“insulin就像打入葡萄糖的胰岛素针。”
Glucagon – Hormone that raises blood glucose by converting glycogen back to glucose. ‘Gluc‑’ = glucose, ‘agon’ = agonist, it pushes glucose up.
胰高血糖素 – 通过将糖原变回葡萄糖来升高血糖的激素。“glucagon”像“glucose‑go‑up”。
Homeostasis – Maintenance of a stable internal environment, e.g. temperature, water, blood glucose. ‘Homeo‑’ = similar, ‘stasis’ = standing still. Body keeps things steady.
稳态 – 维持内部环境稳定，如体温、水分和血糖。“homeo”（相同）+“stasis”（静止）。身体保持平衡。
9. Reproduction & Inheritance | 生殖与遗传
Mitosis – Cell division producing two genetically identical diploid daughter cells. Used for growth and repair. ‘Mi‑’ like ‘mini‑me’, making identical copies.
有丝分裂 – 产生两个遗传上相同的二倍体子细胞的分裂方式，用于生长和修复。“mi”谐音“模仿”，生成一模一样的复制品。
Meiosis – Reduction division that produces four genetically different haploid gametes. ‘Mei‑’ means less; chromosome number halves. Think ‘meiosis = me‑oh‑sis, mixing genes’.
减数分裂 – 染色体数目减半的分裂，产生四个遗传不同的单倍体配子。“mei”表示减少。染色体数减半。
Gamete – A sex cell (sperm/egg) with half the chromosome number. ‘Gam‑ete’ like ‘game of life’, the starting piece.
配子 – 染色体数目减半的性细胞（精子或卵子）。“gamete”仿佛是“生命游戏的开局棋子”。
Allele – An alternative form of a gene. Dominant alleles mask recessive ones. ‘Allele’ – think ‘alternate little element’.
等位基因 – 基因的交替形式，显性等位基因遮盖隐性等位基因。“allele”联想到“alternate element”。
Homozygous – Having two identical alleles for a trait, e.g. AA or aa. ‘Homo‑’ = same. ‘Homozygous = same same’.
纯合子 – 控制某性状的两个等位基因相同，如AA或aa。“homo”意为相同。
Phenotype – The observable physical characteristic, influenced by genotype and environment. ‘Pheno‑’ = show, ‘‑type’ = form. It’s what you see.
表现型 – 可观察到的物理性状，受基因型和环境共同影响。“pheno”指显示，“type”指类型。表现出来让你看见的类型。
Published by TutorHao | Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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