📚 Year 11 CAIE Chemistry: Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 CAIE 化学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering chemistry vocabulary is essential for success in the CAIE IGCSE exam. This guide breaks down key terms with memorable explanations, helping you recall definitions and use them accurately in exam answers.
掌握化学词汇对在 CAIE IGCSE 考试中取得好成绩至关重要。这份指南通过易记的解释分解关键术语，帮助你回忆定义并在考试答案中准确使用。
1. Atomic Structure & Particles | 原子结构与粒子
Nucleus – the dense, positively charged centre of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.
原子核 – 原子致密、带正电的中心，包含质子和中子。
Proton – a subatomic particle with a relative charge of +1 and relative mass of 1, found in the nucleus.
质子 – 一种相对电荷为 +1、相对质量为 1 的亚原子粒子，位于原子核内。
Neutron – a neutral subatomic particle (charge 0) with a relative mass of 1, also in the nucleus.
中子 – 中性亚原子粒子（电荷 0），相对质量为 1，同样在原子核内。
Electron – a negatively charged particle (charge -1) with negligible mass, orbiting the nucleus in shells.
电子 – 带负电的粒子（电荷 -1），质量极小，在电子层中绕核运动。
Isotope – atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
同位素 – 同一元素具有相同质子数但不同中子数的原子。
Atomic number (Z) – the number of protons in the nucleus; defines the element.
原子序数 (Z) – 原子核中的质子数；决定了元素种类。
Mass number (A) – total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
质量数 (A) – 原子核中质子与中子的总数。
Memory tip: Isotope → 'iso' (same) + 'topos' (place) – same place on periodic table but different neutrons.
记忆提示：Isotope → 'iso'（相同） + 'topos'（位置）—— 周期表中位置相同但中子数不同。
2. Bonding & Structure | 化学键与结构
Ionic bond – a strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by electron transfer.
离子键 – 由于电子转移形成的带相反电荷离子之间的强静电吸引力。
Covalent bond – a shared pair of electrons between two non-metal atoms, often forming molecules.
共价键 – 两个非金属原子之间共享一对电子，通常形成分子。
Metallic bond – the attraction between a lattice of positive metal ions and a 'sea' of delocalised electrons.
金属键 – 正金属离子晶格与离域电子“海”之间的吸引力。
Giant ionic lattice – a regular arrangement of alternating positive and negative ions (e.g. NaCl).
巨型离子晶格 – 正负离子交替的规则排列（如 NaCl）。
Giant covalent structure – a network of atoms bonded by covalent bonds throughout the whole solid (e.g. diamond, SiO₂).
巨型共价结构 – 整个固体中原子由共价键连接而成的网络（如金刚石、SiO₂）。
Simple molecular substance – small discrete molecules with weak intermolecular forces (e.g. H₂O, CO₂).
简单分子物质 – 具有弱分子间力的小离散分子（如 H₂O, CO₂）。
Mnemonic: 'Ionic – Transfer, Covalent – Share, Metallic – Sea'
记忆口诀：'离子是转移，共价是共享，金属是电子海'
3. Chemical Reactions & Equations | 化学反应与方程式
Reactants – the starting substances that undergo a change during a reaction.
反应物 – 在反应中经历变化的起始物质。
Products – the new substances formed as a result of the chemical reaction.
生成物 – 由化学反应形成的新物质。
Word equation – escription of a reaction using chemical names (e.g. magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide).
文字方程式 – 使用化学名称描述反应（如 镁 + 氧气 → 氧化镁）。
Symbol equation – a balanced representation using chemical formulas and state symbols: (s), (l), (g), (aq).
符号方程式 – 使用化学式和状态符号的配平表示：(s)固、(l)液、(g)气、(aq)水溶液。
Balancing – adjusting coefficients so the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides.
配平 – 调整系数使每种元素的原子数在左右两边相等。
Diatomic elements – exist as two-atom molecules: H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂. Remember 'Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer' or 'I Bring Cookies For Our New Home'.
双原子元素 – 以双原子分子存在：H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂。记忆口诀：'I Bring Cookies For Our New Home'。
4. The Mole & Stoichiometry | 摩尔与化学计量
Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ) – the average mass of an atom of an element compared to 1/12th the mass of a carbon‑12 atom.
相对原子质量 (Aᵣ) – 某元素一个原子的平均质量与一个碳‑12原子质量的1/12相比的比值。
Relative molecular mass (Mᵣ) – the sum of the relative atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule.
相对分子质量 (Mᵣ) – 分子中所有原子的相对原子质量之和。
Mole (mol) – the amount of substance containing 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro's number).
摩尔 (mol) – 含有 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子（阿伏伽德罗常数）的物质的量。
Molar mass (M) – the mass of one mole of a substance, units g/mol.
摩尔质量 (M) – 一摩尔物质的质量，单位 g/mol。
Empirical formula – the simplest whole‑number ratio of atoms in a compound.
实验式 – 化合物中原子最简整数比的化学式。
Molecular formula – the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
分子式 – 分子中每种元素原子的实际数目。
Percentage yield – (actual yield ÷ theoretical yield) × 100%.
百分比产率 – (实际产量 ÷ 理论产量) × 100%。
Key formulas: n = m / M, c = n / V, V = n × 24 dm³ at r.t.p.
关键公式：n = m / M, c = n / V, 常温常压下气体体积 V = n × 24 dm³
5. Acids, Bases & Salts | 酸、碱与盐
Acid – a substance that donates protons (H⁺) or ionises in water to produce H⁺ ions. pH less than 7.
酸 – 能提供质子（H⁺）或在水中电离产生 H⁺ 离子的物质。pH 小于 7。
Base – a substance that accepts protons or reacts with an acid. Soluble bases are called alkalis and produce OH⁻ in water.
碱 – 能接受质子或与酸反应的物质。可溶性碱称为苛性碱，在水中产生 OH⁻。
Neutralisation – the reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water: H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O.
中和反应 – 酸与碱反应生成盐和水：H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O。
pH scale – a logarithmic scale (0–14) measuring the acidity or basicity of a solution. Lower pH = more acidic.
pH 标度 – 测量溶液酸碱度的对数标度（0–14）。pH 越低酸性越强。
Strong acid – fully dissociates in water, releasing all H⁺ ions (e.g. HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃).
强酸 – 在水中完全电离，释放所有 H⁺（如 HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃）。
Weak acid – only partially dissociates, establishing an equilibrium (e.g. ethanoic acid CH₃COOH).
弱酸 – 仅部分电离，建立平衡（如乙酸 CH₃COOH）。
Salt – the ionic product formed when the H⁺ of an acid is replaced by a metal or ammonium ion.
盐 – 酸中的 H⁺ 被金属离子或铵根离子取代后形成的离子化合物。
Solubility rules chant: All sodium, potassium, ammonium salts dissolve; all nitrates dissolve; most chlorides except lead and silver.
溶解性口诀： 所有钠盐、钾盐、铵盐都溶；所有硝酸盐都溶；氯化物除铅和银外都溶。
6. Redox & Electrolysis | 氧化还原与电解
Oxidation – loss of electrons; also gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen. Remember OIL – Oxidation Is Loss.
氧化 – 失去电子；也可视为加氧或脱氢。记住 OIL – Oxidation Is Loss（氧化是失电子）。
Reduction – gain of electrons; also loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen. RIG – Reduction Is Gain.
还原 – 得到电子；也可视为失氧或加氢。RIG – Reduction Is Gain（还原是得电子）。
Redox reaction – a reaction where both oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously.
氧化还原反应 – 氧化和还原同时发生的反应。
Electrolysis – the decomposition of an ionic compound by passing an electric current through its molten or aqueous state.
电解 – 通过向熔融或水溶液态的离子化合物通入电流使其分解的过程。
Electrolyte – the liquid or solution that conducts electricity and is decomposed during electrolysis.
电解质 – 能导电并在电解过程中被分解的液体或溶液。
Cathode – the negative electrode; attracts cations (positive ions); reduction occurs here.
阴极 – 负极；吸引阳离子（正离子）；还原在此发生。
Anode – the positive electrode; attracts anions (negative ions); oxidation occurs here.
阳极 – 正极；吸引阴离子（负离子）；氧化在此发生。
Half‑equation – shows the electron transfer at a single electrode: eg. Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu.
半反应方程式 – 显示单个电极上的电子转移：如 Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu。
7. Organic Chemistry Basics | 有机化学基础
Homologous series – a family of organic compounds with the same functional group and general formula, where each member differs by a CH₂ unit.
同系物系列 – 具有相同官能团和通式的一系列有机化合物，成员之间相差一个 CH₂ 单元。
Functional group – the atom or group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound (e.g. –OH for alcohols, –COOH for carboxylic acids).
官能团 – 赋予化合物特征反应性能的原子或原子团（如醇的 –OH，羧酸的 –COOH）。
Alkanes – saturated hydrocarbons with single C–C bonds; general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂. Names: methane, ethane, propane, butane.
烷烃 – 仅含 C–C 单键的饱和烃；通式 CₙH₂ₙ₊₂。命名：甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷。
Alkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one C=C double bond; general formula CₙH₂ₙ.
烯烃 – 含至少一个 C=C 双键的不饱和烃；通式 CₙH₂ₙ。
Structural isomers – molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangement of atoms.
结构异构体 – 分子式相同但原子排列方式不同的分子。
Alcohols – contain the –OH functional group; general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH; e.g. ethanol C₂H₅OH.
醇 – 含有 –OH 官能团；通式 CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH；如乙醇 C₂H₅OH。
Carboxylic acids – contain –COOH group; e.g. ethanoic acid CH₃COOH. Weak acids.
羧酸 – 含 –COOH 基团；如乙酸 CH₃COOH。弱酸。
| Prefix | Number of C atoms |
| meth‑ | 1 |
| eth‑ | 2 |
| prop‑ | 3 |
| but‑ | 4 |
Use the prefixes to name organic compounds. For alkanes, add '‑ane'; for alkenes, add '‑ene'; for alcohols, add '‑anol'.
使用前缀命名有机化合物。烷烃加“‑烷”，烯烃加“‑烯”，醇加“‑醇”。
8. Energetics & Rates of Reaction | 能量学与反应速率
Exothermic reaction – releases energy to the surroundings, usually as heat, ΔH negative; products have less energy than reactants.
放热反应 – 向环境释放能量（通常为热），ΔH 为负值；生成物能量低于反应物。
Endothermic reaction – absorbs energy from the surroundings, ΔH positive; products have more energy than reactants.
吸热反应 – 从环境吸收能量，ΔH 为正值；生成物能量高于反应物。
Activation energy (Eₐ) – the minimum energy colliding particles must have for a successful reaction.
活化能 (Eₐ) – 碰撞粒子发生有效反应所必须具有的最低能量。
Collision theory – actions occur when particles collide with sufficient energy (≥Eₐ) and correct orientation.
碰撞理论 – 当粒子以足够能量（≥Eₐ）和正确取向碰撞时，反应才会发生。
Catalyst – a substance that increases the rate of reaction by providing an alternative pathway with lower activation energy, without being consumed itself.
催化剂 – 通过提供活化能更低的新途径来加快反应速率，自身在反应前后质量不变。
Rate of reaction – the change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time. Can be increased by: higher temperature, concentration, surface area, or adding a catalyst.
反应速率 – 单位时间内反应物或生成物浓度的变化。可通过升高温度、增大浓度、增加接触面积或加入催化剂来提高。
Energy profile diagram: exothermic goes down, endothermic goes up, Eₐ is the hump.
能线图：放热反应曲线向下走，吸热反应向上走，Eₐ 是峰顶。
9. Industrial Processes & Equilibria | 工业过程与平衡
Haber process – industrial synthesis of ammonia: N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃. Conditions: 450 °C, 200 atm, iron catalyst. The reaction is exothermic and reversible.
哈伯制氨法 – 工业合成氨：N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃。条件：450 °C, 200 atm, 铁催化剂。反应放热且可逆。
Contact process – manufacture of sulfuric acid: S + O₂ → SO₂, then 2SO₂ + O₂ ⇌ V₂O₅ catalyst at 450 °C), then SO₃ absorbed in H₂SO₄ to form oleum, then diluted to H₂SO₄.
接触法制硫酸 – 硫酸的生产：S + O₂ → SO₂, 然后 2SO₂ + O₂ ⇌ 2SO₃（用 V₂O₅ 催化剂, 450 °C），再将 SO₃ 溶于浓硫酸生成发烟硫酸，最后稀释得到 H₂SO₄。
Dynamic equilibrium – in a closed system, when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal and concentrations remain constant, but the reactions continue.
动态平衡 – 在封闭系统中，正逆反应速率相等、各物质浓度保持不变的状态，但反应仍在进行。
Le Chatelier's principle – if a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change (temperature, pressure, concentration), the equilibrium shifts to counteract the change.
勒夏特列原理 – 如果改变影响平衡的条件（温度、压强、浓度），平衡会向着减弱这种改变的方向移动。
Compromise conditions – in industrial processes, conditions are chosen to balance rate, yield and cost (e.g. Haber process uses moderate temperature to balance rate and yield).
折衷条件 – 工业过程中，条件的选择旨在平衡速率、产率和成本（如哈伯法使用中等温度兼顾速率和产率）。
10. Experimental Techniques & Separation | 实验技术与分离
Filtration – separates an insoluble solid from a liquid using a filter paper in a funnel; residue stays on paper, filtrate passes through.
过滤 – 使用漏斗中的滤纸将不溶性固体与液体分离；残渣留在纸上，滤液通过。
Distillation – relies on differences in boiling points. Simple distillation separates a solvent from dissolved solids; fractional distillation separates miscible liquids.
蒸馏 – 利用沸点差异。简单蒸馏分离溶剂与溶解的固体；分馏分离互溶液体。
Chromatography – d a stationary phase. Rf value = distance moved by spot ÷ distance moved by solvent front.
色谱法 – 根据组分在流动相和固定相之间的分配差异分离混合物。Rf 值 = 斑点移动距离 ÷ 溶剂前沿移动距离。
Crystallisation – evaporate some solvent, then cool slowly to obtain pure crystals of a solid from a solution.
结晶 – 蒸发部分溶剂，然后缓慢冷却，从溶液中获得纯晶体的方法。
Titration – a technique to accurately determine the concentration of an acid or alkali using a burette and indicator. End‑point is when the indicator changes colour permanently.
滴定 – 使用滴定管和指示剂精确测定酸或碱浓度的技术。终点是指示剂颜色发生永久性变化的时刻。
Pipette – used to measure a fixed volume of liquid very precisely; often 25.0 cm³.
移液管 – 用于非常精确地量取固定体积的液体；通常为 25.0 cm³。
11. Essential Memory Strategies | 必记策略总结
Flashcards – Write the term on one side and the definition on the other. Review them actively: look at the term, recall the definition, then flip.
抽认卡 – 一面写术语，另一面写定义。主动复习：看术语，回忆定义，再翻转。
Acronyms & Mnemonics – OIL RIG for redox, 'Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer' for diatomic elements. Create your own for tricky lists.
首字母缩略与记忆口诀 – 氧化还原用 OIL RIG，双原子分子用口诀。为易混列表自创口诀。
Word roots – Many terms come from Greek or Latin: 'hydro' = water, 'an‑' = without, 'iso' = equal. Learning roots helps decode new words.
词根 – 许多术语源自希腊或拉丁语：'hydro' = 水，'an‑' = 无，'iso' = 相等。掌握词根有助于理解新词。
Diagrams & Mental images – Visualise atomic structures, bonding models, and energy profiles. Draw them from memory.
图示与心像 – 在脑中想象原子结构、化学键模型和能线图。凭记忆画出它们。
Teach someone else – Explaining a concept aloud solidifies your understanding and reveals gaps.
教给别人 – 大声解释一个概念能巩固你的理解并暴露漏洞。
Spaced repetition – Review terms after 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 1 month. Frequent retrieval strengthens memory.
间隔重复 – 分别在 1 天后、3 天后、1 周后、1 个月后复习术语。频繁提取能加强记忆。
Practice past paper questions – Applying terminology in context is the most effective revision. Highlight keywords in mark schemes.
练习真题 – 在情境中应用术语是最有效的复习方式。在评分标准中高亮关键词。
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