📚 Year 11 CAIE Physics: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 年11 CAIE 物理：公式定理速查手册
This revision handbook collects all the essential formulas and key theorems required for the Year 11 CAIE IGCSE Physics examination. Use it as a quick–reference tool to memorise and apply the relationships correctly during your revision.
本复习手册汇集了年11 CAIE IGCSE 物理考试所需的所有基本公式和关键定理。将其作为快速参考工具，帮助你在复习中准确记忆和应用各种关系式。
1. Motion and Kinematics | 运动学
v = s / t
Average speed equals distance travelled divided by time taken.
平均速率等于移动的距离除以所用时间。
a = (v – u) / t
Acceleration is the change in velocity per unit time.
加速度等于单位时间内速度的变化量。
v = u + a t
First equation of motion: final velocity = initial velocity plus acceleration × time.
第一运动方程：末速度 = 初速度 + 加速度 × 时间。
v² = u² + 2 a s
Third equation of motion: relates final velocity, initial velocity, acceleration and displacement.
第三运动方程：关联末速度、初速度、加速度和位移。
s = u t + ½ a t²
on of motion: displacement = initial velocity × time + half × acceleration × time squared.
第二运动方程：位移 = 初速度 × 时间 + ½ × 加速度 × 时间的平方。
2. Forces and Momentum | 力与动量
F = m × a
Newton’s second law: resultant force equals mass times acceleration.
牛顿第二定律：合力等于质量乘以加速度。
W = m × g
Weight is the force due to gravity acting on a mass (g = gravitational field strength).
重量是因重力作用于质量而产生的力（g 为重力场强度）。
p = m × v
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity.
动量是质量与速度的乘积。
F = Δp / t
Resultant force equals rate of change of momentum.
合力等于动量的变化率。
Impulse = F × t = Δp
Impulse is equal to the change in momentum.
冲量等于动量的变化。
Hooke’s Law: F = k x
The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force, within the elastic limit.
胡克定律：在弹性限度内，弹簧的伸长量与施加的力成正比。
3. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功和功率
W = F d
× distance moved in the direction of the force (when force and displacement are parallel).
做功 = 力 × 沿力方向移动的距离（当力与位移平行时）。
Eₖ = ½ m v²
Kinetic energy of a moving object.
运动物体的动能。
Eₚ = m g h
Gravitational potential energy gained by raising a mass through a height h.
将质量提升高度 h 所增加的重力势能。
P = W / t
Power is the rate of doing work or transferring energy.
功率是做功或能量转移的速率。
