📚 Quick Memorization Guide for CAIE Physics Vocabulary | CAIE 物理词汇术语速记指南
Mastering physics starts with understanding its language. This guide breaks down the most important CAIE Year 11 physics terms, grouping them by topic to help you recall definitions quickly and accurately for your exams.
学好物理，从理解它的语言开始。本指南拆解 CAIE 11 年级物理中最关键的术语，按主题分组，帮助你快速准确回忆定义，应对考试。
1. Motion and Kinematics | 运动与运动学
Displacement is the straight-line distance in a given direction from the starting point to the final position, a vector quantity.
位移 是从起点到终点在给定方向上的直线距离，是矢量。
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement, so it is speed in a stated direction.
速度 是位移的变化率，即带有方向信息的速率。
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity; it can be a change in speed, direction, or both.
加速度 是速度的变化率；可以是速度大小、方向或两者同时发生变化。
Uniform acceleration means the velocity changes by equal amounts in equal time intervals.
匀加速 意味着在相等的时间间隔内，速度的变化量相等。
2. Forces and Newton’s Laws | 力与牛顿定律
Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion. Mass is a measure of inertia.
惯性 是物体抵抗运动状态变化的倾向。质量是惯性的量度。
Resultant force (net force) is the single force that has the same effect as all the individual forces acting on an object combined.
合力（净力）是具有与作用在物体上所有力加在一起相同效果的单个力。
Newton’s second law states that resultant force = mass × acceleration (F = m a).
牛顿第二定律 指出合力 = 质量 × 加速度 (F = m a)。
Weight is the gravitational force on an object, equal to mass × gravitational field strength (W = m g).
重量 是作用在物体上的引力，等于质量 × 引力场强度 (W = m g)。
3. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
Work done is the product of force and distance moved in the direction of the force: W = F × d.
做功 是力与沿力方向移动距离的乘积：W = F × d。
Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion, Eₖ = ½ m v².
动能 是物体因运动而拥有的能量，Eₖ = ½ m v²。
Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored due to an object’s position in a gravitational field, Eₚ = m g h.
重力势能 是由于物体在引力场中的位置而储存的能量，Eₚ = m g h。
Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of energy transfer: P = W / t.
功率 是做功的速率或能量转移的速率：P = W / t。
4. Density and Pressure | 密度与压强
Density is mass per unit volume: ρ = m / V. It is a scalar quantity measured in kg/m³.
密度 是单位体积的质量：ρ = m / V。是标量，单位为 kg/m³。
Pressure is force per unit area acting at right angles to a surface: p = F / A.
压强 是垂直作用在表面单位面积上的力：p = F / A。
Fluid pressure increases with depth: p = ρ g h, where h is the vertical depth.
流体压强 随深度增加：p = ρ g h，其中 h 为垂直深度。
Upthrust is the upward force a fluid exerts on an object, equal to the weight of fluid displaced (Archimedes’ principle).
浮力 是流体对物体施加的向上力，等于排开流体的重量（阿基米德原理）。
5. Thermal Physics | 热物理
Kinetic particle model: matter is made of tiny particles in constant, random motion. Their energy determines the state.
粒子动理论模型：物质由不断无规则运动的微小粒子组成。它们的能量决定状态。
Internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a system.
内能 是系统内所有粒子的总动能和势能。
Specific heat capacity is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C: c = ΔE / (m Δθ).
比热容 是使 1 kg 物质温度升高 1 °C 所需的能量：c = ΔE / (m Δθ)。
Specific latent heat y is the energy needed to change the state of 1 kg of a material without temperature change (L = E / m).
比潜热 是使 1 kg 物质在不改变温度的情况下改变状态所需的能量 (L = E / m)。
6. Waves and Sound | 波与声音
Transverse wave: particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer (e.g., light, water ripples).
横波：质点振动方向与能量传播方向垂直（例如光、水波）。
Longitudinal wave: particles vibrate parallel to the direction of energy transfer (e.g., sound).
纵波：质点振动方向与能量传播方向平行（例如声音）。
Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the rest position.
振幅 是从平衡位置的最大位移。
Wave speed v = f λ, where f is frequency and λ is wavelength.
波速 v = f λ，其中 f 为频率，λ 为波长。
Refraction is the change in direction of a wave when it crosses a boundary and its speed changes.
折射 是波在穿过边界且速度改变时发生的方向变化。
7. Light and Optics | 光与光学
Angle of incidence is the angle between the incident ray and the normal.
入射角 是入射光线与法线之间的夹角。
Law of reflection: angle of incidence = angle of reflection.
反射定律：入射角 = 反射角。
Total internal reflection occurs when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle and light travels from a denser to a less dense medium.
全内反射 当入射角大于临界角，且光从光密介质射向光疏介质时发生。
Real image is formed where rays actually meet; can be projected on a screen.
实像 在实际光线汇聚处形成，可以在屏上显示。
Virtual image is formed where rays appear to diverge from; cannot be projected.
虚像 在光线看起来发散的地方形成，无法在屏上显示。
8. Electricity Basics | 电学基础
Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge: I = Q / t, measured in amperes (A).
电流 是电荷流动的速率：I = Q / t，单位为安培 (A)。
Potential difference (voltage) is the work done per unit charge between two points: V = W / Q.
电势差（电压） 是单位电荷在两点间所做的功：V = W / Q。
Resistance is the opposition to current flow: R = V / I, measured in ohms (Ω).
电阻 是对电流的阻碍：R = V / I，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。
Ohm’s law tates that at constant temperature, current is directly proportional to voltage (V = I R).
欧姆定律 指出在恒温下，电流与电压成正比 (V = I R)。
9. Circuit Components and Functions | 电路元件与功能
A fixed resistor provides a constant resistance value, controlling current.
固定电阻 提供恒定的电阻值，用以控制电流。
A variable resistor (rheostat) can change its resistance to vary current in a circuit.
变阻器 可改变电阻以调节电路中的电流。
A thermistor is a temperature-dependent resistor; its resistance decreases as temperature rises (NTC type common in CAIE).
热敏电阻 是温度依赖型电阻；温度升高电阻降低（CAIE 中常见 NTC 型）。
A light-dependent resistor (LDR) decreases its resistance when light intensity increases.
光敏电阻 (LDR) 当光照强度增大时电阻减小。
10. Electromagnetic Effects | 电磁效应
Magnetic field lines go from the north pole to the south pole outside a magnet. They show the direction of the force on a north pole.
磁场线 在磁体外从北极指向南极，表示作用在北极上力的方向。
Electromagnet is a temporary magnet made by passing current through a coil wound around an iron core.
电磁铁 是通过让电流流过绕在铁芯上的线圈而产生的暂时磁体。
Fleming’s left-hand rule predicts the direction of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field (thumb: force, first finger: field, second finger: current).
弗莱明左手定则 预测通电导体在磁场中受力的方向（拇指：力，食指：磁场，中指：电流）。
Electromagnetic induction is the process of inducing an e.m.f. across a conductor when it experiences a changing magnetic field.
电磁感应 是导体处于变化的磁场中时，在其两端产生感应电动势的过程。
11. Radioactivity and Atomic Physics | 放射性及原子物理
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same proton number but different nucleon numbers.
同位素 是同一元素中质子数相同但核子数不同的原子。
Alpha particle (α) is a helium nucleus (2 protons + 2 neutrons). It has low penetration but high ionization.
α 粒子 是氦原子核（2 个质子 + 2 个中子），穿透力弱但电离能力强。
Beta particle (β) is a fast-moving electron emitted from a nucleus when a neutron turns into a proton.
β 粒子 是原子核内中子转变为质子时发射的高速电子。
Half-life is the time taken for half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay.
半衰期 是样本中一半放射性原子核发生衰变所需的时间。
12. Space Physics (CAIE Supplement) | 空间物理（CAIE 补充内容）
Orbital period of a planet is the time it takes to complete one full orbit around the Sun.
轨道周期 是行星绕太阳公转一圈所需的时间。
Redshift is the increase in wavelength of light from distant galaxies, indicating they are moving away from us (supporting the expanding Universe).
红移 是遥远星系光谱波长的增加，表明它们正远离我们（支持宇宙膨胀理论）。
Hubble’s law states that the recession speed of a galaxy is directly proportional to its distance from Earth: v = H₀ d.
哈勃定律 指出星系的退行速度与它距地球的距离成正比：v = H₀ d。
Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) is the remnant thermal radiation from the Big Bang, providing evidence for the early universe.
宇宙微波背景辐射 (CMBR) 是大爆炸遗留下的热辐射，为早期宇宙提供了证据。
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