📚 Year 11 OCR Physics: Quick-Fire Formula & Principles Handbook | 公式定理速查手册
This complete reference guide collects every essential equation, principle and constant you need for OCR Gateway Physics (Year 11). Each formula is accompanied by its standard units, a clear explanation and a translated Chinese summary, making it ideal for last-minute revision. Whether you are practising numerical questions or checking relationships between quantities, this handbook puts the entire specification at your fingertips.
这份完整的参考手册汇总了 OCR Gateway 物理（11 年级）需要掌握的每一个核心公式、定理和常数。每个公式都配有标准单位、清晰的解释和对应的中文翻译，非常适合考前快速复习。无论你是练习计算题还是检查物理量之间的关系，这本手册都能让你随时查阅整个考纲的全部核心内容。
1. Motion and Average Speed | 运动与平均速率
Motion is described by how far an object travels in a given time. The simplest relationship links distance, speed and time. When an object moves with constant speed, the distance it covers is directly proportional to time.
运动是由物体在一定时间内移动的距离来描述的。最简单的关系将距离、速率和时间联系在一起。当物体以恒定速率运动时，它通过的距离与时间成正比。
v = d / t
where v is the average speed in metres per second (m/s), d is the distance travelled in metres (m), and t he time taken in seconds (s). The same equation can be written as distance = speed × time.
式中 v 为平均速率，单位是米每秒 (m/s)，d 为通过的距离，单位是米 (m)，t 为所用时间，单位是秒 (s)。该公式也可写为 距离 = 速率 × 时间。
s = v t
The symbol s is also commonly used for distance. Always check which quantity is being asked for and rearrange the equation accordingly.
符号 s 也常用来表示距离。解题时务必确认所求的物理量，并根据需要对公式进行移项变形。
2. Acceleration and Uniform Motion | 加速度与匀变速运动
Acceleration is the rate at which an object’s velocity changes. It can be a positive value (speeding up) or negative (deceleration). Two key equations govern uniformly accelerated motion.
加速度是物体速度变化的快慢。它可以是正值（加速），也可以是负值（减速）。有关匀变速运动，有两个关键公式。
a = Δv / t
a is acceleration (m/s²), Δv is change in velocity (m/s), and t is time (s). Remember Δv = final velocity – initial velocity.
a 为加速度 (m/s²)，Δv 为速度变化量 (m/s)，t 为时间 (s)。注意 Δv = 末速度 – 初速度。
v² – u² = 2 a s
(HT only) This equation links final velocity v, initial velocity u, acceleration a and displacement s without requiring time. Use it when time is not given in the problem.
（仅限高阶）该方程将末速度 v、初速度 u、加速度 a 和位移 s 联系起来，且不含时间。当题目未给出时间时，优先使用此式。
3. Forces, Weight and Momentum | 力、重量与动量
Forces cause changes in motion. Newton’s second law quantifies this, while weight is a specific force caused by gravity. Momentum is a property of moving objects and is conserved in collisions.
力是改变运动状态的原因。牛顿第二定律对此进行了量化，而重量是引力引起的一种特定力。动量是运动物体的一种属性，在碰撞中守恒。
F = m a
F is resultant force (N), m is mass (kg), a is acceleration (m/s²). This gives the net force needed to produce a given acceleration.
F 为合力，单位牛顿 (N)，m 为质量 (kg)，a 为加速度 (m/s²)。该式给出了产生某一加速度所需的净力。
W = m g
Weight W (N) is mass m (kg) multiplied by gravitational field strength g (N/kg). On Earth, g ≈ 9.8 N/kg.
重量 W (N) 等于质量 m (kg) 乘以引力场强 g (N/kg)。在地球表面，g 约为 9.8 N/kg。
p = m v
(HT only) Momentum p (kg m/s) is the product of mass and velocity. In any closed system, total momentum before a collision equals total momentum after.
（仅限高阶）动量 p (kg m/s) 等于质量与速度的乘积。在任何封闭系统内，碰撞前的总动量等于碰撞后的总动量。
4. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能量与功率
Energy can be transferred by doing work or by heating. Kinetic and gravitational potential energy are two of the most common stores. Power measures how quickly energy is transferred.
能量可以通过做功或加热来传递。动能和重力势能是最常见的两种储能形式。功率是衡量能量传递快慢的物理量。
W = F d
Work done W (J) is force F (N) multiplied by distance d (m) moved in the direction of the force. 1 joule = 1 newton-metre.
做功 W (J) 等于力 F (N) 乘以物体在力的方向上移动的距离 d (m)。1 焦耳 = 1 牛顿·米。
Eₖ = ½ m v²
Kinetic energy Eₖ (J) depends on mass m (kg) and speed v (m/s). Doubling the speed quadruples the kinetic energy.
动能 Eₖ (J) 取决于质量 m (kg) 和速率 v (m/s)。速率加倍，动能变为原来的四倍。
Eₚ = m g h
Gravitational potential energy Eₚ (J) gained by an object lifted through a height h (m) in a gravitational field of strength g (N/kg).
物体在引力场强为 g (N/kg) 的场中升高 h (m) 所获得的重力势能 Eₚ (J) 为 m g h。
P = E / t
Power P (W) is the rate of energy transfer: energy E (J) divided by time t (s). Also written as P = W / t where W is work done.
功率 P (W) 是能量传递的速率：能量 E (J) 除以时间 t (s)。也可写作 P = W / t，其中 W 为做功。
Efficiency = useful output / total input
Efficiency can be expressed as a decimal or percentage. It relates useful energy or power out to the total energy or power in.
效率可以用小数或百分数表示。它等于有用的输出能量（或功率）与总输入能量（或功率）之比。
5. Hooke’s Law, Moments and Pressure | 胡克定律、力矩与压强
Elastic objects obey Hooke’s law up to their limit of proportionality. Moments describe the turning effect of a force, and pressure quantifies how concentrated a force is on a surface or in a fluid.
弹性物体在比例极限内遵循胡克定律。力矩描述力的转动效应，而压强用于衡量力在表面或流体中的集中程度。
F = k x
(HT only) Force F (N) needed to extend or compress a spring by x (m) is proportional to the extension, where k is the spring constant (N/m).
（仅限高阶）拉伸或压缩弹簧所需的力 F (N) 与伸长量 x (m) 成正比，比例常数为弹簧常数 k (N/m)。
M = F d
Moment M (N m) equals force F (N) multiplied by the perpendicular distance d that for an object in equilibrium, total clockwise moments = total anticlockwise moments.
力矩 M (N m) 等于力 F (N) 乘以从支点到力作用线的垂直距离 d (m)。力矩原理指出，处于平衡状态的物体，顺时针力矩总和等于逆时针力矩总和。
P = F / A
Pressure P (Pa) is force F (N) acting normal to a surface divided by area A (m²). 1 pascal = 1 N/m².
压强 P (Pa) 等于作用在表面上的垂直力 F (N) 除以面积 A (m²)。1 帕斯卡 = 1 牛/米²。
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