📚 Year 11 Cambridge Engineering Vocabulary Quick-Memory Guide | 剑桥 Year 11 工程词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the technical vocabulary in Cambridge IGCSE or O Level Engineering is the first step towards confident design analysis, clear communication and exam success. This guide groups essential terms by topic, offers simple definitions, and pairs each with a Chinese equivalent and memory tip so you can learn faster and retain longer. Use it alongside your practical work to build a strong engineering lexicon.
掌握剑桥 IGCSE 或 O Level 工程课程中的技术词汇，是迈向自信设计分析、清晰沟通和考试成功的第一步。本指南按主题将核心术语分组，提供简洁定义，并为每个术语配上中文对照和记忆窍门，帮助你更快学习、更久记忆。结合实践操作使用本指南，你将建立起扎实的工程词汇库。
1. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其性能
Ferrous metal – a metal containing iron, often magnetic and prone to rust (e.g. mild steel). Memory: 'Ferrous' sounds like 'ferrum', Latin for iron.
铁金属——含铁的金属，通常具有磁性且易生锈（如低碳钢）。记忆法：Ferrous 发音似拉丁文中的铁 'ferrum'。
Non-ferrous metal – a metal without iron, generally more corrosion-resistant (e.g. aluminium, copper). Think: 'Non' = no iron.
非铁金属——不含铁的金属，通常更耐腐蚀（如铝、铜）。记忆法：Non 表示没有铁。
Alloy – of a metal with other elements to improve properties (e.g. steel = iron + carbon). Memory: 'Alloy' = allies, combining strengths.
合金——金属与其他元素混合以改善性能（如钢 = 铁 + 碳）。记忆法：合金如同结盟，集各方所长。
Ductility – the ability of a material to be stretched into a wire without breaking. Picture pulling a metal into a thin thread.
延展性——材料被拉成细丝而不断裂的能力。想象把金属拉成细线。
Malleability – the ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets. Memory: 'Malleable' like a mallet hammering gold leaf.
可锻性——能被锤击或轧制成薄片的能力。记忆法：发出 'malleable' 音似木槌敲打金箔。
Hardness – resistance to indentation or scratching. Diamond is high on the Mohs scale. Think 'hard to scratch'.
硬度——抵抗压痕或划痕的能力。钻石在莫氏硬度表上很高。记法：硬就是难划伤。
Toughness – ability to absorb energy and resist fracture (opposite of brittle). Memory: 'Tough' survives impact.
韧性——吸收能量并抵抗断裂的能力（与脆性相反）。记忆法：Tough 就是抗揍。
2. Mechanical Properties and Testing | 力学性能与测试
Tensile strength – the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before breaking. Tested with a tensile test machine. Memory: 'Tension' pulls apart.
抗拉强度——材料在被拉伸断裂前所能承受的最大应力。用拉伸试验机测试。记忆法：Tension 是拉紧。
Compressive strength – capacity to withstand loads that push together. Concrete is strong in compression. Think 'compress = push together'.
抗压强度——承受挤压荷载的能力。混凝土抗压能力强。记法：压缩即向一起推。
Elastic limit – the point beyond which a material will no longer return to its original shape. Past this, plastic deformation starts. Memory: 'Elastic' returns; once past the limit, it stays stretched.
弹性极限——材料不再能恢复原状的临界点。超过该点，开始塑性变形。记忆：弹性能回弹；过了极限就保持拉长。
Yield point – the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Often seen as a drop on a stress-strain graph. Memory: 'Yield' gives way.
屈服点——材料开始塑性变形的应力。在应力-应变图上常表现为下降。记法：Yield 就是让步。
Fatigue – weakening of a material due to repeated cyclic loading, even below yield stress. Think of bending a paperclip back and forth.
疲劳——材料在重复循环载荷下即使低于屈服应力也会变弱。来回弯折回形针即此理。
Creep – slow, permanent deformation under constant stress over time, especially at high temperature. Memory: 'Creep' like a slow crawl.
蠕变——在恒定应力下随时间缓慢发生的永久变形，尤其在高温下。记忆法：Creep 缓慢爬行。
3. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting – pouring molten metal into a mould to solidify into a shape. Sand casting, die casting. Memory: 'Cast' like a plaster cast.
铸造——将熔融金属倒入模具冷却凝固成形。有砂型铸造、压铸。记法：如打石膏模型。
Forging – shaping metal by compressive forces, often while hot, using hammer or press. Improves grain structure. Memory: Blacksmith forging a sword.
锻造——通过锤击或压力给金属塑形，通常在热态下进行，可改善晶粒结构。记忆：铁匠锻剑。
Extrusion – a shaped die to produce a long, continuous profile (like aluminium window frames). Memory: 'Extrude' = push out, like toothpaste.
挤压成型——将材料从特定形状的模具中挤出，形成长条形截面（如铝窗框）。记忆：像挤牙膏一样推出。
Milling – machining process using rotating cutters to remove material from a workpiece. CNC milling is computer-controlled. Memory: 'Mill' grinds away.
铣削——用旋转刀具从工件上切除材料的加工方法。CNC 铣削由电脑控制。记忆：Mill 像磨碎谷物。
Turning – machining on a lathe where the workpiece rotates against a fixed cutting tool. Used for cylindrical parts. Memory: The workpiece turns.
车削——在车床上工件旋转、刀具固定的加工方式，用于制作圆柱形零件。记法：工件在转。
Brazing & Soldering – joining metals using a filler metal that melts below the melting point of the parent metals. Soldering uses lower temperature, brazing higher. Memory: 'Solder' sounds softer; 'braze' is brass-like.
钎焊与软钎焊——使用熔点低于母材的填充金属连接金属。软钎焊温度较低，钎焊温度较高。记忆：Solder 音似“软”；braze 似黄铜。
4. Mechanical Systems and Motion | 机械系统与运动
Lever – a rigid bar rotating around a fulcrum to amplify force or distance. Classes 1, 2, 3. Memory: 'Lever' lifts with little effort.
杠杆——绕支点转动的刚性杆，用于放大力量或距离。有一、二、三类。记法：杠杆以小力举重物。
Gear – a toothed wheel that meshes with another to transmit torque and change speed or direction. Driver, driven, idler. Memory: 'Gear' engages teeth.
齿轮——带齿的轮子，与另一齿轮啮合传递扭矩、改变转速或方向。有主动轮、从动轮、惰轮。记法：齿轮咬合齿牙。
Pulley system – uses ropes and wheels to change the direction of a force and provide mechanical advantage. Memory: 'Pulley' pulls easily.
滑轮系统——用绳索和轮子改变力的方向并提供机械效益。记法：滑轮助拉。
Belt drive – transmits power between shafts using a continuous belt over pulleys. Open and crossed belt types. Memory: 'Belt' like a fan belt in a car.
带传动——用皮带绕过带轮在两轴间传递动力。分开口传动和交叉传动。记法：如汽车风扇皮带。
Chain drive – uses a chain and sprockets, no slip, often for bicycles. Memory: 'Chain' links positively.
链传动——使用链条和链轮，无滑动，常用于自行车。记法：链条紧套链轮。
Linkage – an assembly of rigid bars connected by joints to transmit motion and force. Examples: parallel motion linkage. Memory: 'Link' connects parts.
连杆机构——由铰链连接的刚性杆件，传递运动和力。如平行连杆机构。记法：Link 连接各件。
5. Electronics and Control | 电子与控制
Resistor – a component that opposes the flow of electric current, measured in ohms (Ω). Colour bands indicate value. Memory: 'Resist' limits flow.
电阻器——阻碍电流流动的元件，单位为欧姆（Ω）。色环表示阻值。记忆：Resist 就是抵抗电流。
Capacitor – stores electric charge temporarily, used for smoothing or timing circuits. Measured in farads (F). Memory: 'Capacity' to hold charge.
电容器——临时储存电荷，用于滤波或定时电路。单位法拉（F）。记忆：Capacity 具有容纳电荷的能力。
Diode – allows current to flow in one direction only; used for rectification. LED emits light. Memory: 'Di' means two electrodes, one-way door.
二极管——只允许电流单向导通；用于整流。发光二极管（LED）会发光。记忆：单向通行。
Transistor – a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch signals. BJT, FET. Memory: 'Trans' + 'resistor' = transfers resistance.
晶体管——用于放大或开关信号的半导体器件。有双极型、场效应型。记忆：转移电阻。
Microcontroller – a compact integrated circuit that includes a processor, memory and I/O; used in embedded systems like Arduino. Memory: 'Micro' small controller.
微控制器——包含处理器、存储器和输入输出的紧凑型集成电路；用于嵌入式系统如 Arduino。记忆：微型控制器。
Sensor – detects a physical quantity (temperature, light, force) and converts it to a signal. Examples: LDR, thermistor. Memory: 'Sense' + 'or', a device that senses.
传感器——检测物理量（温度、光、力）并将其转换为信号的器件。如光敏电阻、热敏电阻。记忆：感知的装置。
6. Structures and Forces | 结构与力
Tension – a pulling force that stretches an object. Cables in a suspension bridge are in tension. Memory: 'Tension' tightens.
拉力——拉伸物体的力。悬索桥的缆绳承受拉力。记忆：拉紧。
Compression – a pushing force that squeezes an object. Columns experience compression. Memory: 'Press' together.
压力——挤压物体的推力。柱子承受压力。记忆：压在一起。
Shear – a force that causes two adjacent parts to slide past each other, like scissors cutting. Memory: 'Shear' like shears cutting.
剪切力——使两个相邻部分相对滑动的力，如剪刀裁剪。记忆：剪刀剪切。
Torsion – a twisting force. A screwdriver turning a screw experiences torsion. Memory: 'Torque' twists.
扭转力——扭转力。螺丝刀拧螺丝时承受扭转。记忆：扭力。
Strut – a structural member designed to resist compression. Often used in frameworks. Memory: 'Strut' pushes backward.
压杆——设计用于抵抗压缩的结构件。常用于框架。记忆：支撑推回去。
Tie – a structural member designed to resist tension. Think 'tie' like pulling a rope. Memory: Tie holds together.
拉杆——设计用于抵抗拉力的结构件。想象拉紧绳索。记法：绑紧。
7. Engineering Drawing and CAD | 工程制图与计算机辅助设计
Orthographic projection – a method of drawing a 3D object using 2D views (front, top, side). Memory: 'Ortho' = straight, project straight onto planes.
正投影——用二维视图（前、顶、侧）绘制三维物体的方法。记忆：正交投影，直接投射到平面上。
Isometric drawing – al drawing where axes are at 30° to the horizontal, keeping measurements to scale. Memory: 'Iso' = equal measure.
等角图——轴线与水平线成 30°，按比例绘制的三维立体图。记忆：Iso 表示等测量。
Dimensioning – adding size, location, and tolerance information on a drawing. Always specific and clear. Memory: 'Dimension' tells size.
尺寸标注——在图纸上添加尺寸、位置和公差信息。必须清晰明确。记法：尺寸标注表明大小。
Sectional view – a drawing that shows the internal detail of an object as if cut through a plane. Hatching indicates solid material. Memory: 'Section' cuts to see inside.
剖视图——显示物体内部细节的视图，如同被平面切开。剖面线表示实体材料。记忆：切开看内部。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) – using software to create precise 2D or 3D models. Examples: SolidWorks, AutoCAD. Memory: Computer + Design.
计算机辅助设计——使用软件创建精确的二维或三维模型。如 SolidWorks, AutoCAD。记法：电脑辅助设计。
CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) – using software to control machine tools. G-code. Memory: The bridge from design to physical part.
计算机辅助制造——用软件控制机床。G 代码。记忆：从设计到实体的桥梁。
8. Energy, Power and Efficiency | 能量、功率与效率
Kinetic energy – nergy of motion: ½ × mass × velocity². Fast moving parts have high kinetic energy. Memory: 'Kinetic' like cinema – movement.
动能——运动的能量：½ × 质量 × 速度²。快速运动的部件动能大。记忆：Kinetic 与电影院的动感相关。
Potential energy – state: mass × gravity × height. A weight lifted has potential. Memory: Potential to fall.
势能——由于位置或状态而储存的能量：质量 × 重力加速度 × 高度。举起的重物具有势能。记忆：有下落可能。
Power – rate of doing work or transferring energy, measured in watts (W): work / time. Memory: Powerful machines work fast.
功率——做功或传递能量的速率，单位为瓦特（W）：功 / 时间。记忆：功率大的机器干活快。
Efficiency – ut energy to total input energy, usually expressed as a percentage: (output / input) × 100%. Friction lowers efficiency. Memory: Efficient processes waste less.
效率——有用输出能量与总输入能量之比，通常以百分比表示：(输出 / 输入) × 100%。摩擦降低效率。记忆：效率高则浪费少。
Mechanical advantage (MA) – ratio of load to effort in a machine: load / effort. MA > 1 means force multiplication. Memory: Advantage helps you.
机械效益 (MA)——机器中负载与作用力之比：负载 / 作用力。MA > 1 表示省力。记忆：机械帮助了你。
Velocity ratio (VR) – ratio of distance moved by effort to distance moved by load. In ideal (100% efficient) machines, MA = VR. Memory: Ratio of speeds.
速度比 (VR)——作用力移动距离与负载移动距离之比。在理想（100% 效率）机器中，MA = VR。记忆：速度之比。
9. Joining and Assembly | 连接与装配
Welding – joining metals by melting the parent metal and often adding filler, forming a strong homogeneous joint. Memory: 'Weld' fuses.
焊接——通过熔化母材并常添加填充金属来连接金属，形成牢固的同质接头。记忆：熔合。
Adhesive bonding – using glue or epoxy to join materials. Distributes stress evenly but sensitive to heat and peel. Memory: Stick like glue.
粘接——使用胶水或环氧树脂连接材料。应力分布均匀，但对热和剥离敏感。记忆：粘合如胶。
Riveting – a permanent mechanical fastening method using a rivet that is deformed to hold pieces together. Aircraft often use rivets. Memory: Pop rivet gun.
铆接——使用铆钉变形的永久性机械紧固方法。飞机常用铆钉。记忆：拉铆枪。
Fasteners – hardware devices that join two or more components (screws, bolts, nuts, washers). Standardised threads. Memory: 'Fasten' tightly.
紧固件——连接两个或多个部件的五金件（螺钉、螺栓、螺母、垫圈）。标准化螺纹。记法：锁紧。
Interference fit – a fit where the shaft is slightly larger than the hole, requiring force to assemble. Memory: Tight squeeze, no play.
过盈配合——轴略大于孔的配合，需用力装配。记忆：紧配合，无间隙。
10. Health, Safety and Sustainability | 健康、安全与可持续性
Risk assessment – identifying hazards, evaluating who might be harmed and how, and putting controls in place. Memory: Spot, assess, control.
风险评估——识别危险、评估谁可能受伤害及如何伤害，并采取控制措施。记忆：识别、评估、控制。
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) – safety glasses, gloves, steel-toe boots, ear defenders. Memory: 'Personal' protection you wear.
个人防护装备——安全眼镜、手套、钢头靴、耳罩。记忆：自己穿戴的防护。
Sustainability – ineering: using recycled materials, energy-efficient design. Memory: Sustain = keep going.
可持续性——满足当前需求而不损害后代的能力。在工程中：使用回收材料、节能设计。记忆：可持续地发展。
Life cycle analysis (LCA) – assessing environmental impact from raw material extraction through manufacturing, use to disposal. Memory: Cradle to grave.
生命周期分析——从原材料提取、制造、使用到废弃全过程的环境影响评估。记忆：从摇篮到坟墓。
Six R’s – Rethink, Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Repair. A framework for sustainable design. Memory: 6 R’s of circular economy.
6R 原则——重新思考、拒绝、减少、重复使用、回收、修复。可持续设计的框架。记忆：循环经济的六原则。
Ergonomics – designing products and workplaces to fit the human body, reducing strain. Memory: 'Ergo' = work, 'nomics' = law – laws of work comfort.
人机工程学——设计产品和工作场所使其适合人体，减少劳损。记忆：工作舒适法则。
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