📚 Year 11 AQA Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | AQA工程词汇术语速记指南
Mastering engineering vocabulary is the first step to success in your AQA GCSE Engineering exam. This guide pairs essential terms with clear explanations in both English and Chinese, helping you build a solid technical foundation while reinforcing language skills. Each section focuses on a key area of the specification, from material properties to manufacturing processes and electronics. Use the English–Chinese paired paragraphs to test yourself and deepen your understanding.
掌握工程词汇是在AQA GCSE工程考试中取得成功的第一步。本指南将核心术语与清晰的英文和中文解释配对，帮助你在巩固语言技能的同时打下扎实的技术基础。每个小节聚焦于考纲中的一个关键领域，从材料性能到制造工艺，再到电子学。利用这些英中对照的段落来检测自己，加深理解。
1. Material Properties Terminology | 材料性能术语
Hardness: The resistance of a material to permanent deformation, indentation, or scratching. Harder materials, like tool steel, can cut or scratch softer ones.
硬度：材料抵抗永久变形、压痕或划伤的能力。较硬的材料（如工具钢）可以切割或划伤较软的材料。
Toughness: The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. Tough materials, such as mild steel, can withstand impact loads.
韧性：材料在断裂前吸收能量并发生塑性变形的能力。韧性材料（如低碳钢）能够承受冲击载荷。
Elasticity: The property of a material to return to its original shape after the removal of a load that caused deformation. Rubber and spring steel exhibit high elasticity.
弹性：材料在引起形变的载荷移除后恢复其原始形状的性质。橡胶和弹簧钢具有很高的弹性。
Ductility: The extent to which a material can be drawn into a wire or stretched permanently without rupture. Copper and aluminium are highly ductile.
延展性：材料能够被拉成丝或永久拉伸而不断裂的程度。铜和铝具有很高的延展性。
2. Mechanical Stress and Strain | 机械应力与应变
Stress (σ): The internal force per unit area within a material that arises from externally applied forces. It is calculated as force divided by cross-sectional area.
应力（σ）：材料内部因外力而产生的单位面积上的力。其计算公式为力除以横截面积。
σ = F / A
Strain (ε): A measure of deformation representing the displacement between particles in a material relative to a reference length. It is the ratio of change in length to original length.
应变（ε）：一种变形量度，表示材料内部粒子相对于参考长度的位移。它是长度变化量与原长度的比值。
ε = ΔL / L₀
Young's Modulus (E): A measure of the stiffness of a solid material, defined as the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region. A high modulus means the material is very stiff.
杨氏模量（E）：衡量固体材料刚度的一个指标，定义为弹性区域内应力与应变的比值。模量高意味着材料很硬挺。
E = σ / ε
Yield Point: The stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Beyond this point, the material will not return to its original shape when the load is removed.
屈服点：材料开始发生塑性变形的应力值。超过该点后，移去载荷时材料将无法恢复原状。
3. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting: A process in which molten metal or liquid material is poured into a mould cavity and allowed to solidify. Sand casting and die casting are common methods.
铸造：将熔融金属或液态材料倒入模具型腔并使其凝固的过程。砂型铸造和压铸是常见的方法。
Forging: A manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal using localized compressive forces, often delivered by a hammer or die. Forging refines the grain structure and improves strength.
锻造：一种利用局部压缩力（通常由锤或模具施加）使金属成形的制造工艺。锻造能细化晶粒结构，提高强度。
Machining: A collective term for processes that remove material from a workpiece using cutting tools to achieve desired dimensions and surface finish. Examples are turning, milling, and drilling.
机械加工：使用切削工具从工件上切除材料以获得所需尺寸和表面光洁度的工艺总称，例如车削、铣削和钻孔。
Welding: A fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing fusion through high heat and often the addition of filler material.
焊接：一种通过高温引起熔合（通常并添加填充材料）来连接材料（通常是金属或热塑性塑料）的制造工艺。
4. Electronics Fundamentals | 电子学基础
Voltage (V): The electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit, driving current through a conductor. It is measured in volts (V).
电压（V）：电路中两点之间的电势差，驱动电流通过导体。其测量单位为伏特（V）。
Current (I): The rate of flow of electric charge past a point in a circuit. It is measured in amperes (A).
电流（I）：电荷流过电路中某一点的速率。其测量单位为安培（A）。
Resistance (R): The opposition that a substance offers to the flow of electric current. It is measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm’s Law relates voltage, current, and resistance.
电阻（R）：物质对电流流动产生的阻碍作用。其测量单位为欧姆（Ω）。欧姆定律将电压、电流和电阻联系起来。
V = I × R
Resistor: A passive electronic component that introduces a precise amount of resistance into a circuit to control current or divide voltage.
电阻器：一种无源电子元件，向电路中引入精确的电阻值以控制电流或分压。
5. Systems and Control | 系统与控制
Input: The signal, energy, or action that enters a system. In an engineering context, an input could be a switch being pressed, a sensor detecting light, or a command from a program.
输入：进入系统的信号、能量或动作。在工程语境中，输入可以是按下的开关、检测光线的传感器或程序发出的指令。
Process: The part of a system that converts the input into a desired output. This may involve a microcontroller executing code, a motor turning, or a chemical reaction.
处理：系统中将输入转换成所需输出的部分。这可能涉及微控制器执行代码、电机转动或化学反应。
Output: The result produced by a system after processing the input. Examples include an LED lighting up, a buzzer sounding, or a robotic arm moving.
输出：系统处理输入后产生的结果。例如LED点亮、蜂鸣器响起或机械臂移动。
Feedback: The part of a control system in which information about the output is fed back to the input to maintain desired conditions. A thermostat uses feedback to regulate temperature.
反馈：控制系统的一部分，将输出的信息送回输入端以维持期望的状态。恒温器利用反馈来调节温度。
6. Design and Prototyping | 设计与原型制作
Design Brief: A concise statement outlining the problem, constraints, and objectives for a design project. It provides the starting point for developing engineering solutions.
设计概要：概述设计项目的问题、约束条件和目标的简明陈述，为开发工程解决方案提供起点。
Specification: A detailed set of requirements that a finished product or system must meet. It includes dimensions, performance targets, materials, and safety standards.
规格说明：成品或系统必须满足的一套详细要求，包括尺寸、性能指标、材料和安全标准。
Prototype: An early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process. Prototypes help identify design flaws before full-scale production.
原型：为测试概念或工艺而构建的产品早期样品、模型或版本。原型有助于在全面生产前发现设计缺陷。
Iterative Design: A cyclical process of prototyping, testing, analysing, and refining a product or system. Engineering designs are improved through repeated loops of this cycle.
迭代设计：一种对产品或系统进行原型制作、测试、分析和改进的循环过程。工程设计通过这一循环的反复来不断完善。
7. Measurement and Tolerance | 测量与公差
Tolerance: s ±0.1 mm, meaning the actual size can deviate by up to 0.1 mm from the nominal dimension.
公差：物理尺寸或测量值的允许变动极限。典型公差可表示为 ±0.1 mm，即实际尺寸与名义尺寸的偏差可达0.1毫米。
Accuracy: How close a measured value is to the true or accepted value. A highly accurate instrument gives readings very near the actual quantified property.
准确度：测量值与真实值或公认值的接近程度。高准确度的仪器能给出非常接近实际数量化性质的读数。
Precision: The degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results. A precise instrument may still be inaccurate if not calibrated correctly.
精密度：在不变条件下重复测量所得结果的一致性程度。精密的仪器若未正确校准，可能仍不准确。
Caliper: A measuring instrument with two adjustable jaws used to measure the distance between two opposite sides of an object. Vernier and digital calipers provide high-precision readings.
卡尺：一种带两个可调卡爪的测量仪器，用于测量物体相对两侧之间的距离。游标卡尺和数显卡尺可提供高精度读数。
8. Material Testing | 材料测试
Tensile Testing: A destructive test in which a specimen is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. From the stress–strain curve we obtain yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility.
拉伸试验：一种破坏性试验，使试样在受控拉伸下直至断裂。从应力–应变曲线中可获得屈服强度、极限抗拉强度和延展性。
Non-destructive Testing (NDT): Techniques that evaluate the properties of a material, component, or system without causing damage. Common methods include ultrasonic testing, dye penetrant inspection, and X-ray radiography.
无损检测（NDT）：在不造成损伤的情况下评估材料、组件或系统性质的技术。常见方法包括超声波检测、渗透探伤和X射线照相。
Fatigue: The weakening of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads. Fatigue failure can occur at stress levels much lower than the tensile strength of the material.
疲劳：由重复载荷引起的材料弱化。疲劳失效可能发生在远低于材料抗拉强度的应力水平下。
Creep: The tendency of a solid material to move slowly or deform permanently under the influence of persistent mechanical stresses. Creep becomes significant at high temperatures.
蠕变：固体材料在持续机械应力作用下缓慢移动或永久变形的趋势。高温下蠕变变得显著。
9. Engineering Drawings and CAD | 工程图纸与CAD
Orthographic Projection: A method of representing a three-dimensional object using several two-dimensional views, typically front, top, and side. These views are aligned and drawn to scale.
正投影：一种用多个二维视图（通常为前视图、俯视图和侧视图）表示三维物体的方法。这些视图对齐并按比例绘制。
Isometric Drawing: A pictorial representation of an object in which the three principal axes are equally inclined to the picture plane. Vertical lines remain vertical, while horizontal lines are drawn at 30° angles.
等轴测图：一种物体的立体表示法，其中三个主轴对画面倾斜相同的角度。垂直线保持垂直，水平线以30°角绘制。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design): The use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimisation of a design. CAD software enables precise 2D drawings and 3D models.
CAD（计算机辅助设计）：使用计算机系统协助创建、修改、分析或优化设计。CAD软件能够生成精确的二维图纸和三维模型。
CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing): The use of software and computer-controlled machinery to automate a manufacturing process. CAM works directly from CAD models to program CNC machines.
CAM（计算机辅助制造）：使用软件和计算机控制的机械实现制造过程自动化。CAM直接基于CAD模型为CNC机床编程。
10. Health and Safety Terminology | 健康与安全术语
Risk Assessment: A systematic process of evaluating the potential risks that may be involved in a projected activity or undertaking. It involves identifying hazards, evaluating risks, and implementing control measures.
风险评估：对计划开展的活动或工作可能涉及的潜在风险进行系统评估的过程，包括识别危害、评估风险并实施控制措施。
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment): Equipment worn to minimise exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses. Items include safety goggles, gloves, hard hats, and steel-toe boots.
PPE（个人防护装备）：为尽量减少接触会导致严重工伤和疾病的危害而穿戴的装备，包括护目镜、手套、安全帽和钢头靴等。
Ventilation: The provision of fresh air to a room or workspace. In engineering, local exhaust ventilation (LEV) removes fumes, dust, and vapours at the source to maintain air quality.
通风：向房间或工作场所提供新鲜空气。在工程中，局部排风装置（LEV）从源头去除烟雾、粉尘和蒸气以保持空气质量。
Manual Handling: Any transporting or supporting of a load by one or more workers, including lifting, putting down, pushing, pulling, or carrying. Safe manual handling techniques reduce the risk of injury.
人工搬运：由一名或多名工人进行的任何运输或支撑重物的活动，包括提举、放下、推、拉或搬运。安全的人工搬运技术可降低受伤风险。
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