📚 Year 11 AQA Physical Education: Key Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 AQA 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your fast-track revision resource for AQA GCSE Physical Education. This guide organises the most important terminology into 12 manageable sections, pairing each term with a clear English definition, a Chinese translation and a memory aid. Use it alongside your practical sessions to lock in marks for both short-answer and extended-response questions.
欢迎使用 AQA GCSE 体育快速复习资源。本指南将最重要的术语分成 12 个易于掌握的小节，每个术语都配有清晰的英文定义、中文释义和记忆窍门。结合你的实践训练使用，就能在简答题和论述题中稳稳拿分。
1. Skeletal System Terminology | 骨骼系统术语
These terms describe the structure and function of the human skeleton, joint types and basic movements. Visualise a moving skeleton when you recall them.
这些术语描述了人体骨骼的结构、功能、关节类型和基本运动。记忆时可以在脑海中想象活动中的骨骼。
Functions of the Skeleton: The skeleton provides support, protection of vital organs, movement via levers, mineral storage (e.g. calcium) and blood cell production in bone marrow. Mnemonic: 'Shape and Shield'.
骨骼的功能：骨骼提供支撑、保护重要器官、借助杠杆产生运动、储存矿物质（如钙）并在骨髓中生成血细胞。口诀：“塑形与护盾”。
Synovial Joint: A freely movable joint where two bones meet inside a capsule filled with synovial fluid. Features include articular cartilage and ligaments. Examples: knee, hip.
滑液关节：一种自由活动的关节，两骨在充满滑液的关节囊内相接。结构包括关节软骨和韧带。例如膝关节、髋关节。
Flexion: Decreasing the angle at a joint, e.g. bending the elbow or knee. Think 'Flex = fold'.
屈曲：减小关节角度，如弯肘或屈膝。联想“Flex”像折叠。
Extension: Increasing the angle at a joint, e.g. straightening the arm or leg. Opposite of flexion.
伸展：增大关节角度，如伸直手臂或腿。与屈曲相反。
2. Muscular System Terminology | 肌肉系统术语
Muscles work in pairs or groups to produce movement. Knowing the roles of agonists and antagonists is vital, as is understanding contraction types.
肌肉成对或成群工作以产生运动。掌握主动肌与拮抗肌的角色以及收缩类型至关重要。
Antagonistic Pair: Two muscles that create opposite actions at a joint. When one contracts (agonist), the other relaxes (antagonist). Example: biceps and triceps.
拮抗肌对：在关节处产生相反动作的两块肌肉。一块收缩（主动肌）时，另一块放松（拮抗肌）。例如肱二头肌和肱三头肌。
Agonist (Prime Mover): The muscle that contracts to produce the desired movement. Remember 'Agony' – because it works hardest.
主动肌（原动肌）：收缩以产生所需动作的肌肉。记成“agony”——因为它出力最多。
Antagonist: The muscle that lengthens and relaxes to allow the agonist to work. Often on the opposite side of the bone.
拮抗肌：拉长放松以使主动肌发挥作用的肌肉，常位于骨骼对侧。
Isometric Contraction: The muscle stays the same length and no movement occurs. E.g. holding a plank. 'Iso' = same, 'metric' = length.
等长收缩：肌肉长度不变，不产生关节运动。例如平板支撑。'iso' 意为相同，'metric' 指长度。
3. Cardiovascular & Respiratory System Terms | 心血管与呼吸系统术语
These numbers and definitions describe how the heart, blood vessels and lungs work during exercise. Learn the key equation – it often appears in exams.
这些数据和定义描述了运动时心脏、血管和肺的工作方式。关键公式常出现在考试中，必须牢记。
Cardiac Output (Q): The volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. It reflects overall heart efficiency and increases during exercise.
心输出量 (Q)：心脏每分钟泵出的血量，反映心脏整体效率，运动时会增大。
Stroke Volume (SV): The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat. Trained athletes typically have a larger stroke volume.
每搏输出量 (SV)：左心室每次搏动射出的血液量。训练有素的运动员通常每搏输出量更大。
VO₂max: Maximum volume of oxygen (in mL) that can be taken in, transported and used per kilogram of body mass per minute. The gold-standard measure of aerobic fitness. (VO₂ uses subscript ₂)
最大摄氧量 (VO₂max)：每公斤体重每分钟可摄入、运输和利用的最大氧气量（mL）。是有氧适能的黄金衡量标准。
Published by TutorHao | Year 11 体育 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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