📚 Cambridge Sociology Year 11 Key Terms Memory Guide | 剑桥社会学 11 年级 核心术语速记指南
Memorising sociological terminology can feel like learning a new language. This guide breaks down the essential vocabulary for Year 11 Cambridge IGCSE Sociology, pairing each term with a memorable clue or mnemonic. Work through the clusters below to link concepts with real-world examples and keep definitions sharp for the exam.
记忆社会学术语就像学一门新语言。这份指南拆解了剑桥 IGCSE 社会学 11 年级的核心词汇，为每个术语配上记忆线索或助记法。按照下面的专题组块学习，把概念与现实例子挂钩，让定义在考试中清晰浮现。
1. Culture & Identity Terms | 文化与认同术语
Culture refers to the whole way of life of a particular society, including its language, beliefs, values and customs. Identity is how individuals see and define themselves, often shaped by culture.
文化指一个社会整个的生活方式，包括语言、信仰、价值观和习俗。认同是个体看待和定义自己的方式，常常由文化塑造。
Culture – all shared ways of a group. Remember: 'C' for 'collective customs'.
文化——一个群体的所有共享方式。记住：“文”与“同文同种”的集体习惯挂钩。
Identity – personal sense of self. Think: 'I' in Identity stands for 'I am'.
认同——个人的自我感。想象：认同里的“认”就是“认得自己”。
Social construct – something created and defined by society. Gender roles are a social construct. Code: 'S-C' = 'society creates'.
社会建构——由社会创造和定义的事物。性别角色就是社会建构。口诀：“社构”即“社会建构”。
Subculture: a group within a larger culture with its own distinct norms. Counterculture: a subculture that opposes mainstream values.
亚文化：大文化中拥有独特规范的小群体。反文化：与主流价值观对立的亚文化。
2. Socialisation & Norms and Values | 社会化、规范与价值观
Socialisation is the lifelong process of learning the culture of a society. Primary socialisation happens in the family, secondary through school, media and peer groups.
社会化是学习一个社会文化的终身过程。初级社会化发生在家庭，次级社会化通过学校、媒体和同伴群体进行。
Norms – rules of expected behaviour. 'Norms tell us what is Normal'.
规范——预期行为的规则。“规范告诉我们什么是常态。”
Values – beliefs about what is right and good. Think 'Values are what we Value'.
价值观——关于什么是正确和好的信念。想象“价值观就是我们珍视的。”
Sanctions – rewards or punishments to enforce norms. Positive sanction = smile or prize; negative sanction = fine or detention.
制裁——加强规范的奖励或惩罚。积极制裁=微笑或奖励；消极制裁=罚款或留堂。
Role: expected behaviour attached to a status. Role conflict: when two roles clash, e.g. being a student and a part-time worker.
角色：附着于某个地位的预期行为。角色冲突：两个角色冲突，如学生和兼职员工。
3. Social Stratification & Class | 社会分层与阶级
Social stratification means the way society is divided into layers based on factors like class, gender and ethnicity. Open systems allow mobility; closed systems, like caste, do not.
社会分层指社会根据阶级、性别、种族等因素被分成层级的方式。开放制度允许流动；封闭制度如种姓则不允许。
Stratification – layers = strata. Visualise a layered cake.
分层——层级。想象一个千层蛋糕。
Social class – a group sharing similar economic position. Marx: bourgeoisie vs proletariat. Remember: 'B' before 'P' in the alphabet – the bourgeoisie own first, the proletariat work.
社会阶级——拥有相似经济地位的群体。马克思：资产阶级对无产阶级。记忆：字母表里 B 在 P 前，资产阶级先拥有，无产阶级后劳动。
Life chances: opportunities for health, education and wealth. Socio-economic status (SES): combined measure of income, education, occupation.
生活机会：获得健康、教育和财富的机会。社会经济地位（SES）：收入、教育、职业的综合衡量。
4. Poverty & Inequality | 贫困与不平等
Absolute poverty is a lack of basic necessities like food and shelter. Relative poverty is when a person's living standard falls below the average in their society.
绝对贫困是缺乏食物和住所等基本必需品。相对贫困是一个人的生活水平低于所在社会的平均水平。
Absolute – 'Absolutely can't survive'. Relative – 'Relatively worse off than others'.
绝对——“绝对无法存活”。相对——“相对比他人差”。
Welfare state: government services to protect citizens from poverty and inequality. Means-tested benefits: given only to those below a certain income level.
福利国家：政府为保护公民免受贫困和不平等所提供的服务。需要审核的福利：只给予收入低于某水平的人。
Poverty line: the official threshold below which a person is considered poor. Remember 'line in the sand'.
贫困线：界定一个人是否贫困的官方门槛。记住“划一条线”。
5. Family Terms | 家庭术语
The family is a key agent of primary socialisation. Nuclear family: two parents and children. Extended family: includes grandparents, uncles, aunts. Reconstituted family: one where parents have remarried, bringing children from previous relationships.
家庭是初级社会化的关键机构。核心家庭：父母和子女。扩展家庭：包括祖父母、叔伯姨舅。重组家庭：父母再婚，带着前次关系的孩子。
Nuclear – 'nucleus' = small core. Extended – 'stretched out'.
核心——“核”就是小核心。扩展——“伸展开来”。
Monogamy: marriage to one partner. Polygamy: marriage to multiple partners. Polygyny: one husband, several wives. Polyandry: one wife, several husbands.
一夫一妻制：与一个伴侣结婚。多偶制：与多个伴侣结婚。一夫多妻：一个丈夫多个妻子。一妻多夫：一个妻子多个丈夫。
Matrifocal family: mother-centred. Empty nest family: parents left after children leave home.
以母为中心的家庭：母亲为中心。空巢家庭：孩子离家后剩下的父母。
6. Education Terminology | 教育术语
Formal education: learning in schools with a set curriculum. Informal education: learning from everyday life. Hidden curriculum: unspoken lessons about obedience, competition, and hierarchy.
正式教育：在学校按照固定课程学习。非正式教育：从日常生活中学习。隐性课程：关于服从、竞争和等级制度的不成文教训。
Hidden curriculum – 'H' for hidden, like an invisible timetable.
隐性课程——“隐”就是隐藏，像看不见的时间表。
Streaming: grouping students by ability for all subjects. Setting: grouping by ability for specific subjects. Meritocracy: a system where success is based on ability and effort, not background.
分流：按整体能力将学生分组。分科分组：按特定科目能力分组。精英体制：成功基于能力和努力而非出身的制度。
Social mobility: movement up or down the class ladder. Intra-generational mobility: within one person's lifetime. Inter-generational mobility: between generations.
社会流动：在阶级阶梯上上升或下降。代内流动：一个人一生内的流动。代际流动：世代之间的流动。
7. Crime & Deviance Vocabulary | 犯罪与越轨词汇
Deviance is behaviour that breaks social norms. Crime is behaviour that breaks the law. Not all deviance is criminal, and not all crime is widely seen as deviant.
越轨是违反社会规范的行为。犯罪是违反法律的行为。并非所有越轨都是犯罪，也不是所有犯罪都被普遍视为越轨。
Deviance – 'deviates from the norm'. Crime – 'crosses the line of law'.
越轨——“偏离常规”。犯罪——“越过法律红线”。
Anomie: a state of normlessness where rules break down, used by Durkheim. Strain theory: Merton's idea that crime occurs when people cannot achieve socially approved goals through legitimate means.
失范：涂尔干提出的规范崩溃状态。紧张理论：默顿的观点，当人们无法通过合法手段实现社会认可的目标时就会犯罪。
White-collar crime: crimes committed by people in high-status jobs, e.g. fraud. Corporate crime: crime committed by companies. Victim survey: e.g. Crime Survey for England and Wales, asking people about their experience of crime.
白领犯罪：高地位职业者实施的犯罪，如欺诈。企业犯罪：公司实施的犯罪。受害者调查：如英格兰和威尔士犯罪调查，询问人们的受害经历。
8. Media Terminology | 媒体术语
Mass media: forms of communication that reach large audiences, like television, radio, newspapers and social media. Agenda-setting: the media's power to tell us what issues are important.
大众媒体：到达大量受众的传播形式，如电视、广播、报纸和社交媒体。议程设置：媒体告诉我们什么议题重要的力量。
Agenda-setting – 'the media sets the agenda for our thoughts'.
议程设置——“媒体为我们设定思考的议程”。
Moral panic: an exaggerated public overreaction to a perceived threat, triggered by media (Cohen's Folk Devils). Gatekeeping: controlling which stories reach the public.
道德恐慌：由媒体引发的公众对某种感知威胁的夸张过度反应（科恩的“民间恶魔”）。把关：控制哪些报道到达公众。
Hypodermic syringe model: the idea that media injects messages directly into passive audiences. Uses and gratifications model: audience actively selects media to satisfy needs.
皮下注射模型：认为媒体直接将信息注射进被动受众。使用与满足模型：受众主动选择媒体以满足需求。
9. Power, Authority & Government | 权力、权威与政府
Power is the ability to influence or control others. Authority is legitimate power – accepted by people as right. Weber identified three types: traditional, charismatic and legal-rational.
权力是影响或控制他人的能力。权威是正当的权力——被人们认可为正当。韦伯区分了三种类型：传统型、魅力型和法理型。
Authority – 'they say it's okay'. Remember: 'Authority has an "auth" – like an author, someone trusted to write the rules.
权威——“大家说行”。记住：“权威”里有“权”，被授予的权才是威。
State: the institutions that govern a country. Government: the group of people who run the state at a given time. Coercion: use of force.
国家：统治一个国家的机构。政府：在某一时期管理国家的一群人。强制：使用武力。
Pluralism: power is spread among many groups. Elite theory: power is concentrated in a small ruling class.
多元主义：权力分散在许多群体中。精英理论：权力集中在一个小型统治阶级手里。
10. Research Methods & Concepts | 研究方法与概念
Qualitative data: in-depth, non-numerical information about feelings and opinions. Quantitative data: numerical, statistical information. Primary data: collected first-hand. Secondary data: existing sources, like official statistics.
定性数据：关于感受和观点的深度非数字信息。定量数据：数字统计信息。一手数据：直接收集。二手数据：现有来源，如官方统计。
Qualitative = quality (in-depth). Quantitative = quantity (numbers). Think: 'l' in qualitative stands for 'lots of details'. 'n' in quantitative stands for 'numbers'.
定性 = 性质（深度）。定量 = 数量（数字）。联想：“定”字里有“走之底”，走向深处；“量”里有“里”，里程用数字。
Validity: whether research measures what it claims. Reliability: consistency of results if repeated. Representativeness: how well the sample mirrors the broader population.
效度：研究是否测量其声称的内容。信度：重复时结果的一致性。代表性：样本反映总体情况的程度。
Sampling: random sampling – everyone has equal chance; stratified sampling – population divided into groups, then random samples from each.
抽样：随机抽样——每个人都有平等机会；分层抽样——总体分成小组，再从每组随机抽取。
11. Key Perspectives Quick Recap | 主要理论视角速记
Functionalism sees society as a system of interconnected parts working together. Marxism sees conflict between social classes. Feminism focuses on gender inequalities. Interactionism looks at micro-level interactions and meanings.
功能主义视社会为一个各部分相互配合的系统。马克思主义看到社会阶级之间的冲突。女性主义关注性别不平等。互动论着眼于微观层面的互动和意义。
Functionalism – 'functions to keep society working'. Marxism – 'M' for 'money and class struggle'. Feminism – 'F' for 'fight for female equality'. Interactionism – 'tiny interactions build the big picture'.
功能主义——“功能让社会运转”。马克思主义——“马”上想到阶级和资本。女性主义——“女”字里面有一横，横扫不平等。互动论——“互”字像两个人握手，微观互动构建大画面。
Consensus theories: functionalism. Conflict theories: Marxism and feminism. Use this split to quickly sort perspectives in exam questions.
共识论：功能主义。冲突论：马克思主义和女性主义。用这个二分法在考题中快速归类视角。
12. Memory Tricks & Exam Tips | 记忆技巧与应试提示
Use the 'sociological suitcase' method: imagine packing a suitcase for a new society. What would you need? Norms, values, culture, identity – each item represents a concept. Link each term to a vivid image or a short story.
试试“社会学旅行箱”方法：想象为一个新社会打包行李。你需要什么？规范、价值观、文化、认同——每件物品代表一个概念。把每个术语与一个生动的画面或小故事联系。
For differentiation, remember: SAM – Socialisation, Agents, Methods. For stratification: CAGE – Class, Age, Gender, Ethnicity. These acronyms lock in factors.
要记分化因素，用 SAM – Socialisation, Agents, Methods。要记分层维度，用 CAGE – Class, Age, Gender, Ethnicity。这些首字母缩写锁紧关键因子。
When defining a term, always give an example. Example is your anchor. Also, practise writing a definition in 30 seconds – speed builds confidence.
定义术语时，永远搭配例子。例子是你的锚点。另外，练习在 30 秒内写出一个定义——速度建立信心。
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