📚 Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science Year 11: Quick Memorisation Guide for Key Terms | 剑桥 IGCSE 计算机科学 11 年级：关键术语速记指南
The Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science course is packed with technical vocabulary that can seem overwhelming at first. This guide breaks down core terms into meaningful groups, explains them simply, and offers memory hooks to help you retain them quickly. Whether you are preparing for Paper 1 or Paper 2, mastering these terms will give you the confidence to describe processes accurately, spot errors in pseudocode, and tackle theory questions with precision.
剑桥 IGCSE 计算机科学课程充满技术词汇，乍看之下令人望而生畏。本指南将核心术语划分为有意义的组别，用简单的方式解释，并提供记忆钩子助你快速记住。无论你正在准备试卷一还是试卷二，掌握这些术语将使你能够准确描述流程、发现伪代码中的错误，并精准应对理论问题。
1. Algorithm Basics | 算法基础
An algorithm is a step-by-step sequence of instructions designed to solve a problem or perform a task. Think of it like a recipe: you follow exact steps to get the desired outcome. The word itself sounds like "Al Gore rhythm" – picture a politician dancing a precise routine to remember it is a precise procedure.
算法是为解决问题或执行任务而设计的一系列逐步指令。可以把它想象成菜谱：你按照准确的步骤获得想要的结果。这个词听起来像“Al Gore节奏”——想象一位政客跳着精确的舞步，以此记住它是一种精确的流程。
A flowchart is a diagram that represents an algorithm using standard symbols: ovals for start/stop, parallelograms for input/output, rectangles for processes, and diamonds for decisions. The flow of arrows tells you the order. Mnemonic: 'Ovals Open and close, Parallelograms Put in/Put out, Rectangles do the Real work, Diamonds Decide.'
流程图是使用标准符号表示算法的图表：椭圆形表示开始/结束，平行四边形表示输入/输出，矩形表示处理步骤，菱形表示判断。箭头的流向告诉你顺序。记忆法：“椭圆开始结束，平行四边形输入输出，矩形真正干活，菱形负责判断。”
Pseudocode is a way of writing algorithms in a style that resembles simple English and programming languages but is not tied to any specific syntax. It helps programmers plan logic before coding. To remember, note that 'pseudo' means false – it is false code, just a sketch.
伪代码是一种用类似简单英语和编程语言的风格编写算法的方式，但不限于任何特定语法。它帮助程序员在编码前规划逻辑。要记住，注意“伪”表示假的——这是假代码，只是一份草图。
2. Data Types and Variables | 数据类型与变量
An integer is a whole number, positive or negative, without a fractional part. Memory hook: 'integer' sounds like 'intact' – a number that stays intact without breaking into pieces (decimals).
整型是没有小数部分的整数，可正可负。记忆钩子：“integer”听起来像“intact（完整）”——保持完整不破碎成小数块的数字。
A real/float data type holds numbers with decimal points. 'Float' suggests the decimal point can float anywhere among the digits. Picture a floating point bobbing on water to remind you of its flexible position.
实型/浮点型数据类型用于存放带小数点的数字。“Float”暗示小数点可以在数字之间任意浮动。想象一个浮动的点在水面上漂浮，提醒你它的位置灵活可变。
A string is a sequence of characters, such as letters, digits, and symbols, often used for text. Imagine a string of pearls: each pearl is a character, and together they form a beautiful necklace – your text.
字符串是一系列字符，如字母、数字和符号，通常用于文本。想象一串珍珠：每颗珍珠是一个字符，串在一起形成一条美丽的项链——也就是你的文本。
A Boolean variable can hold only one of two values: TRUE or FALSE. Named after George Boole, think of a light switch: it is either ON (TRUE) or OFF (FALSE), nothing in between.
布尔变量只能取两个值之一：TRUE 或 FALSE。以乔治·布尔命名，想象一个电灯开关：它不是开（TRUE）就是关（FALSE），没有中间状态。
Constants are named memory locations that hold a value which does not change during program execution. The keyword 'const' reminds you it is like a concrete block – set in stone and unchanging.
常量是有名称的内存位置，存储的值在程序执行期间不会改变。关键字“const”提醒你它像一块混凝土块——一旦定型，不再改变。
3. Programming Constructs | 编程结构
Sequence means executing instructions one after another in the order they appear. It is the default mode of any program. Remember 'sequence' by thinking of a movie sequence: scenes roll in a fixed order.
顺序指按照指令出现的顺序一条接一条地执行。这是任何程序的默认模式。通过电影情节来记忆“顺序”：场景按固定顺序播放。
Selection (also called conditional statement) allows the program to choose between different paths based on a condition. Common constructs: IF...THEN...ELSE. Visualize a crossroads where you select which road to take based on a sign (the condition).
选择（又称条件语句）允许程序根据条件在不同路径之间做出选择。常见结构：IF...THEN...ELSE。想象一个十字路口，根据路标（条件）选择走哪条路。
Iteration (looping) repeats a block of code. Types include FOR loops (count-controlled), WHILE loops (condition-controlled), and REPEAT...UNTIL loops. The word 'iteration' contains 'iter' which suggests 'again'; think of a hamster wheel – it goes round and round iteratively.
迭代（循环）重复执行一段代码。包括 FOR 循环（计数控制）、WHILE 循环（条件控制）和 REPEAT...UNTIL 循环。单词“iteration”含有“iter”，暗示“再次”；想想仓鼠转轮——它一圈一圈地迭代转动。
4. Data Structures | 数据结构
An array is a collection of elements of the same data type, stored in contiguous memory locations and accessed by an index. The index usually starts at 0. To memorise, think of an apartment block: each flat is the same type (residential), numbered 0, 1, 2... so you can quickly find any resident.
数组是相同数据类型的元素的集合，存储在连续的内存位置，并通过索引访问。索引通常从0开始。为帮助记忆，想象一栋公寓楼：每套房类型相同（住宅），编号为0、1、2……你可以快速找到任何住户。
A 2D array is a matrix – an array of arrays, with rows and columns. It can be visualised as a spreadsheet grid. Recall '2D' stands for two dimensions, like length and width.
二维数组是一个矩阵——数组的数组，有行和列。可以想象为一个电子表格网格。记住“2D”代表二维，就像长度和宽度。
A record is a data structure that groups related fields of potentially different data types. It is like a row in a database or a student's record card containing name (string), age (integer), and grade (char). The record keeps all facts about one entity together.
记录是一种数据结构，将可能不同数据类型的相关字段组合在一起。就像数据库中的一行或一张学生记录卡，包含姓名（字符串）、年龄（整型）和成绩（字符）。记录将关于一个实体的所有信息集合在一起。
A file is a collection of records stored on secondary storage. For instance, a file of student records. Imagine a physical file folder containing all the record sheets – that's exactly the digital equivalent.
文件是存储在辅助存储器上的记录的集合。例如，一个包含学生记录的文件。想象一个实体文件夹，里面装满了记录表——这正是其数字版本的对应物。
5. Hardware Components | 硬件组件
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It consists of the Control Unit (CU) that directs operations, the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) that performs calculations and logical operations, and registers that are ultra-fast temporary storage locations. Think of a kitchen: the CU is the chef reading the recipe, the ALU is the chef chopping and mixing, and registers are the bowls holding ingredients right in front of the chef.
中央处理器 (CPU) 是计算机的大脑。它由指挥操作的控制单元 (CU)、执行计算和逻辑运算的算术逻辑单元 (ALU) 以及作为超快速临时存储位置的寄存器组成。想象一个厨房：控制单元是读菜谱的厨师，ALU是进行切菜和搅拌的厨师，寄存器是厨师面前盛放食材的碗。
The fetch-decode-execute cycle is the sequence of steps the CPU follows: fetch the next instruction from memory, decode it to understand what it means, then execute the operation. Use the phrase 'Fred Digs Eels' (Fetch, Decode, Execute) to lock the order in mind.
取指-译码-执行周期是CPU遵循的步骤序列：从内存取回下一条指令，译码以理解其含义，然后执行操作。用短语“Fred挖掘鳗鱼”（Fetch, Decode, Execute）来在脑海中锁定顺序。
Volatile memory (like RAM) loses its data when power is turned off. Non-volatile memory (like ROM, HDD, SSD) retains data without power. Think of RAM as a whiteboard – wiped clean when the class ends; ROM is like a printed textbook – permanent until physically destroyed.
易失性存储器（如RAM）在断电时会丢失数据。非易失性存储器（如ROM、HDD、SSD）在断电时保留数据。把RAM想象成白板——下课时擦除干净；ROM就像印刷好的教科书——除非物理销毁，否则永久存在。
6. Software and Operating Systems | 软件与操作系统
System software includes programs that manage and control hardware so that application software can run. The operating system (OS) is the prime example. It handles memory management, file management, security, and device drivers. Picture a traffic officer directing cars (hardware) so that deliveries (applications) can proceed smoothly.
系统软件包括管理和控制硬件的程序，以便应用软件能够运行。操作系统 (OS) 是最佳例子。它负责内存管理、文件管理、安全性和设备驱动。想象一位交通警察指挥车辆（硬件），以便货物运输（应用程序）能够顺畅进行。
Application software performs specific tasks for users: word processors, browsers, games. The name says it all – these are apps that apply the computer to practical jobs. Mnemonic: 'Apps apply your commands.'
应用软件为用户执行特定任务：文字处理软件、浏览器、游戏。名字本身就说明了一切——这些是将计算机应用于实际工作的应用程序。记忆法：“应用程序应用你的命令。”
A driver (device driver) is a small program that lets the OS communicate with a specific hardware device. Each printer, graphics card, or mouse needs its own driver. Imagine a translator (driver) who understands both the OS's language and the hardware's dialect.
驱动程序（设备驱动）是一个小程序，允许操作系统与特定硬件设备通信。每台打印机、显卡或鼠标都需要自己的驱动程序。想象一位翻译（驱动程序），同时理解操作系统的语言和硬件的方言。
7. Networks and Internet | 网络与互联网
A Local Area Network (LAN) connects computers in a small geographical area, like a school or office. A Wide Area Network (WAN) the largest WAN. Memorise by location: LAN = Local (small area); WAN = World (wide area).
局域网 (LAN) 连接小范围地理区域内的计算机，如学校或办公室。广域网 (WAN) 跨越更大距离，甚至全球；互联网就是最大的广域网。按地点记忆：LAN = 本地（小区域）；WAN = 世界（广区域）。
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between networks. It uses IP addresses to decide the best path. A switch connects devices within a LAN and uses MAC addresses to forward data only to the intended device. Picture a post office: the router is the sorting centre that sends parcels to different cities; the switch is the local mailman who delivers to a specific house.
路由器是在网络之间转发数据包的网络设备。它使用IP地址决定最佳路径。交换机在局域网内连接设备，使用MAC地址仅将数据转发到目标设备。想象一个邮局：路由器是将包裹发往不同城市的分拣中心；交换机是将信件送到特定房子的当地邮递员。
A protocol is a set of rules governing data communication. Examples: HTTP for web pages, FTP for file transfer, SMTP for sending emails. The word 'protocol' sounds like 'protocoalition' – an agreement among parties on how to behave. Think of it as a diplomatic code of conduct for machines.
协议是一套管理数据通信的规则。例如：HTTP用于网页，FTP用于文件传输，SMTP用于发送电子邮件。“协议”这个词听起来像“proto-coalition”——各方就行为方式达成的协议。把它想象成机器的外交行为准则。
8. Cybersecurity Fundamentals | 网络安全基础
Malware ), worms (self-spreading without user action), and trojan horses (disguised as legitimate software). 'Mal-' eans bad in Latin: malware = bad software. Just think of a mall where everything is spoilt – a 'bad-mall'.
恶意软件是旨在造成损害、破坏或未经授权访问的恶意软件。子类型包括病毒（自我复制，附着在文件上）、蠕虫（无需用户操作即可自我传播）和特洛伊木马（伪装成合法软件）。“Mal-”在拉丁语中表示坏：恶意软件 = 坏软件。想象一个所有东西都坏掉的商场——一个“坏商场”。
Phishing is a social engineering attack where users are tricked into revealing personal information via fake emails or websites that appear genuine. Spelling 'ph' hints at 'phone' – often phishing starts with a phone call or a deceptive message. Picture a fisherman casting a hook (phishing hook) to catch your data.
网络钓鱼是一种社会工程攻击，通过看似真实的虚假电子邮件或网站诱使用户透露个人信息。拼写中的“ph”暗示“电话”——网络钓鱼经常以电话或欺骗性信息开始。想象一个渔夫抛出鱼钩（phishing hook）来钓取你的数据。
Encryption is the process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm and a key, so that only authorised parties can decode it. Think of a secret diary with a lock; only the keyholder can read the scrambled words inside. Decryption is unlocking that diary.
加密是将明文通过算法和密钥转换为密文的过程，因此只有授权方才能解码。想象一本带锁的秘密日记；只有持有钥匙的人才能读懂里面乱码的文字。解密就是打开那本日记。
A firewall monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. It acts like a security guard at a building entrance, checking IDs and permits before letting anyone in or out.
防火墙根据预定的安全规则监视和控制传入和传出的网络流量。它就像一个建筑入口处的保安，在允许任何人进出之前检查身份证和许可证。
9. Databases and SQL | 数据库与SQL
A database is an organised collection of data, typically stored and accessed electronically. A relational database organises data into tables linked by common fields (primary keys and foreign keys). Imagine a file cabinet (database) with many drawers (tables) that can be cross-referenced by card identifiers (keys).
数据库是组织好的数据集合，通常以电子方式存储和访问。关系型数据库将数据组织成由公共字段（主键和外键）链接的表。想象一个文件柜（数据库），有许多抽屉（表），可以通过卡片标识符（键）相互参照。
Primary key is a field that uniquely identifies each record in a table. It must contain a value and cannot be null. Foreign key is a field in one table that links to the primary key of another table. Remember: primary is like your national ID – unique to you; foreign is a reference to that ID in another system.
主键是唯一标识表中每条记录的字段。它必须包含值且不能为空。外键是一个表中的字段，链接到另一个表的主键。记住：主键就像你的身份证——唯你所有；外键是在另一个系统中对那个身份证的引用。
SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to communicate with databases. Basic commands: SELECT (retrieve), INSERT (add), UPDATE (modify), DELETE (remove). The acronym SQL can be remembered as 'SeQuel' – a sequel to the story where you ask questions (queries) and get answers.
SQL（结构化查询语言）用于与数据库通信。基本命令：SELECT（检索）、INSERT（添加）、UPDATE（修改）、DELETE（删除）。首字母缩略词SQL可以记作“SeQuel”——故事的续集，在这个续集中你提出问题（查询）并得到答案。
10. Number Systems | 数制
Binary (base-2) uses only digits 0 and 1. It is the fundamental language of computers. A single binary digit is a bit; eight bits form a byte. Picture two choices (0/1) like an on/off switch – that simple pair can represent all data.
二进制（基数为2）仅使用数字0和1。它是计算机的基本语言。单个二进制数字称为比特；八个比特组成一个字节。想象两种选择（0/1），就像一个开/关开关——这简单的一对可以表示所有数据。
Hexadecimal (base-16) uses digits 0-9 and letters A-F (10-15). It is a compact way to represent long binary values. One hex digit represents four bits (a nibble). Remember: 'hex' means six, and with digits 0-9 (ten) plus six letters you get sixteen symbols. Colours in HTML are often written in hex, e.g. #FF0000 for red.
十六进制（基数为16）使用数字0-9和字母A-F（10-15）。这是一种表示长二进制值的紧凑方式。一个十六进制数字代表四个比特（一个半字节）。记住：“hex”表示六，加上数字0-9（十个）和六个字母，总共十六个符号。HTML中的颜色通常用十六进制书写，例如#FF0000表示红色。
Overflow error occurs when a number is too large to be stored in the allocated number of bits. Like trying to pour a litre of water into a 500 ml cup – the excess spills over (overflows). Computers need to check for this when doing arithmetic.
溢出错误发生在数字太大，无法用分配的比特数存储时。就像试图将一升水倒入一个500毫升的杯子——多余的水溢出。计算机在进行算术运算时需要检查这种情况。
11. Logic Gates | 逻辑门
Logic gates are the basic building blocks of digital circuits. They take one or more binary inputs and produce a single binary output. The main types: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR. Visualise them as actual gates in a path: some open only if all conditions are true (AND), others if at least one is true (OR).
逻辑门是数字电路的基本构建块。它们接受一个或多个二进制输入并产生单个二进制输出。主要类型：与、或、非、与非、或非、异或。把它们想象成小路上真实的门：有些仅在所有条件都为真时才打开（AND），另一些在至少一个条件为真时打开（OR）。
AND gate outputs 1 only if both inputs are 1. Think of a club entry: you need both a ticket AND an ID to get in. OR gate outputs 1 if any input is 1: you can enter if you have a member card OR a guest pass.
与门仅在两个输入都为1时输出1。想想俱乐部入场：你需要门票和身份证才能进入。或门在任一输入为1时输出1：如果你有会员卡或嘉宾通行证，就可以进入。
NOT gate simply inverts the input: 0 becomes 1, 1 becomes 0. It is the simplest gate – just think 'not the input'. A truth table lists all possible input combinations and their corresponding outputs for a given gate. Creating one is like filling a menu of logical possibilities.
非门简单地将输入反转：0变成1，1变成0。这是最简单的门——只要想“不是输入”。真值表列出给定门的所有可能输入组合及其对应输出。制作真值表就像填写一份逻辑可能性的菜单。
12. Development Lifecycle and Testing | 开发生命周期与测试
The system development lifecycle (SDLC) consists of analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Each phase flows into the next. Use the mnemonic 'All Drivers In Traffic Must' (Analysis, Design, Implementation, Testing, Maintenance) to recall the sequence.
系统开发生命周期 (SDLC) 包括分析、设计、实施、测试和维护。每个阶段流向下一阶段。使用记忆口诀“All Drivers In Traffic Must”（所有司机在交通中必须）来回忆顺序：Analysis（分析）、Design（设计）、Implementation（实施）、Testing（测试）、Maintenance（维护）。
Validation checks whether the right product was built (i.e., meets user requirements). Verification checks whether the product was built correctly (i.e., matches specifications). A helpful phrase: 'Validation = Are we building the right product? Verification = Are we building the product right?'
确认检查是否构建了正确的产品（即是否满足用户需求）。验证检查产品是否构建正确（即是否符合规范）。一句有用的话：“确认 = 我们是否在构建正确的产品？验证 = 我们是否在正确构建产品？”
Acceptance testing is performed by the end user to ensure the system works in real-world scenarios before final sign-off. Imagine buying a pair of shoes: you walk around the shop to 'accept' that they fit comfortably – that's acceptance testing.
验收测试由最终用户在最终签核前执行，以确保系统在真实场景中工作正常。想象买一双鞋：你在店里走动以“验收”它们是否舒适——那就是验收测试。
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