📚 AQA GCSE French Grammar Formula Quick-Reference Handbook | AQA GCSE 法语语法公式速查手册
Mastering French grammar for the AQA GCSE exam is like learning a set of indispensable formulas. Every tense, every pronoun and every agreement rule can be reduced to a pattern: a stem, an ending, an auxiliary, a fixed word order. This handbook condenses the most essential rules, verb conjugations and structural patterns into clear, formula-like summaries that map directly onto the AQA Foundation and Higher specifications. Use it for quick revision, to check your written work, or to build confidence before the speaking and writing components.
掌握 AQA GCSE 法语考试中的语法，就像学习一套不可或缺的公式。每一个时态、每一个代词、每一条配合规则，都可以归结为一个模式：词干、词尾、助动词、固定语序。本手册将最重要的规则、动词变位和结构模式浓缩为清晰的公式式摘要，并与 AQA 基础级与高级别的考纲要求一一对应，供你快速复习、检查写作，或为口语和写作部分建立信心。
The handbook is organised so that each section can stand alone. If you have ten minutes before a lesson, read one section, cover the French column, and reproduce the table from memory. If you have an hour before a mock, work through the tense sections in order, because each one builds on the auxiliary verbs you learned before it.
本手册的编排让每一节都可以独立使用。如果上课前只有十分钟，就读一节，遮住法语栏，凭记忆把表格默写出来；如果模拟考试前有一小时，就按顺序做完所有时态章节，因为每一节都建立在前一节所学的助动词之上。
1. Present Tense Regular -ER Verbs | 现在时规则 -ER 动词
The most common verb group in French follows a single formula: Stem + Ending. Remove -er from the infinitive to get the stem, then add the present-tense endings below. Roughly nine out of ten French verbs belong to this group, so getting it automatic pays off in every speaking and writing task.
法语中最常用的一类动词只遵循一个公式：词干 + 词尾。去掉不定式的 -er 得到词干，然后加上以下现在时词尾。大约十分之九的法语动词都属于这一组，所以把它练成条件反射，在每一次口语和写作任务中都会受益。
parler → parl- (stem) + ending
| Person | 人称 | Ending | 词尾 | parler | 说话 |
|---|---|---|
| je | -e | je parle |
| tu | -es | tu parles |
| il / elle / on | -e | il parle |
| nous | -ons | nous parlons |
| vous | -ez | vous parlez |
| ils / elles | -ent | ils parlent |
Three spelling adjustments protect the sound of the stem and are worth memorising because examiners mark them: -ger verbs add an e before -ons (nous mangeons), -cer verbs change c to ç before -ons (nous commençons), and -yer verbs change y to i in the silent forms (j'achète, je paie). Everything else is regular.
有三种拼写调整是为了保护词干的发音，值得背下来，因为考官会扣分：-ger 动词在 -ons 前加 e（nous mangeons），-cer 动词在 -ons 前把 c 变成 ç（nous commençons），-yer 动词在发音不出来的形式中把 y 变成 i（j'achète, je paie）。除此之外全部规则。
2. Present Tense Regular -IR and -RE Verbs | 现在时规则 -IR 与 -RE 动词
Two further regular families complete the picture. For -ir verbs such as finir and choisir, the plural forms insert -iss- between the stem and the ending. For -re verbs such as vendre and attendre, the singular forms drop the final -d entirely.
另外两个规则动词家族补全了全貌。-ir 动词（如 finir、choisir）的复数形式要在词干和词尾之间插入 -iss-；-re 动词（如 vendre、attendre）的单数形式则完全丢掉词尾的 -d。
| Person | finir (-ir) | vendre (-re) |
|---|---|---|
| je | je finis | je vends |
| tu | tu finis | tu vends |
| il / elle / on | il finit | il vend |
| nous | nous finissons | nous vendons |
| vous | vous finissez | vous vendez |
| ils / elles | ils finissent | ils vendent |
finir: fin- + -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent
Be careful: not every -ir verb behaves like finir. venir, partir, sortir, dormir, sentir, ouvrir and offrir are all irregular and are covered in the next section. A reliable test is the nous form: if it sounds long and heavy (nous finissons, nous choisissons), the verb is regular; if it is short (nous partons, nous dormons), treat it as irregular.
注意：并非所有 -ir 动词都像 finir 一样规则。venir、partir、sortir、dormir、sentir、ouvrir、offrir 都是不规则的，将在下一节讲解。一个可靠的判断方法是看 nous 形式：如果听起来长而重（nous finissons、nous choisissons），就是规则动词；如果很短（nous partons、nous dormons），就按不规则动词处理。
3. High-Frequency Irregular Verbs in the Present | 现在时高频不规则动词
A small group of irregular verbs appears in almost every conversation and every exam text. Learn them as whole blocks of sound rather than as separate words, because listening and reading questions depend on recognising them instantly.
一小组不规则动词几乎出现在每一段对话和每一篇考试文本中。请把它们当作整块的语音来记，而不是一个个孤立的单词，因为听力和阅读题都依赖于瞬间识别它们。
| Verb | je / tu / il | nous / vous / ils |
|---|---|---|
| être | suis, es, est | sommes, êtes, sont |
| avoir | ai, as, a | avons, avez, ont |
| aller | vais, vas, va | allons, allez, vont |
| faire | fais, fais, fait | faisons, faites, font |
| pouvoir | peux, peux, peut | pouvons, pouvez, peuvent |
| vouloir | veux, veux, veut | voulons, voulez, veulent |
| devoir | dois, dois, doit | devons, devez, doivent |
| prendre | prends, prends, prend | prenons, prenez, prennent |
| venir | viens, viens, vient | venons, venez, viennent |
Notice the pattern inside the irregularity: the je, tu and il forms usually sound identical or nearly identical, and the ils form often doubles the consonant (prennent, viennent, appellent). If you can say the nous form, you can build the imperfect tense later, because the imperfect stem comes from nous minus -ons.
请注意“不规则中的规律”：je、tu、il 三个形式通常发音相同或几乎相同，而 ils 形式往往双写辅音（prennent、viennent、appellent）。如果你会说 nous 形式，后面就能轻松构建未完成过去时，因为未完成过去时的词干就是 nous 形式减去 -ons。
4. The Perfect Tense: Passé Composé | 复合过去时
The perfect tense is the workhorse of past narration at GCSE: it reports a single, completed event. Its formula has two parts, and both parts are marked.
复合过去时是 GCSE 阶段讲述过去的核心时态：它报告一个单一的、已完成的事件。它的公式由两部分组成，两部分都会被评分。
Perfect = avoir / être (present) + past participle
Past participles are built by rule: -er → -é (parlé ni), -re → -u (vendu). Around thirty verbs are irregular and must be memorised: fait, dit, écrit, lu, bu, pris, mis, vu, eu, été, allé, venu, sorti, parti, dormi, connu, su, voulu, pu, dû, reçu, ouvert, offert, mort, né.
过去分词按规则构成：-er → -é（parlé），-ir → -i（fini），-re → -u（vendu）。约三十个动词的过去分词不规则，必须背下来：fait、dit、écrit、lu、bu、pris、mis、vu、eu、été、allé、venu、sorti、parti、dormi、connu、su、voulu、pu、dû、reçu、ouvert、offert、mort、né。
Most verbs take avoir. A fixed list takes être, often remembered as the movement-and-change verbs: aller, venir, arriver, partir, entrer, sortir, monter, descendre, rester, tomber, naître, mourir, devenir, revenir, rentrer, retourner. With être the past participle agrees with the subject, like an adjective.
大多数动词用 avoir。一份固定的名单用 être，通常记为“移动与变化”动词：aller、venir、arriver、partir、entrer、sortir、monter、descendre、rester、tomber、naître、mourir、devenir、revenir、rentrer、retourner。用 être 时，过去分词要与主语配合，就像形容词一样。
elle est allée · ils sont partis · nous sommes restés
With avoir, the participle does not agree with the subject, but it does agree with a direct object pronoun placed before the verb: les photos que j'ai prises, je les ai vues. This single rule separates a grade 7 from a grade 9 in writing.
用 avoir 时，过去分词不与主语配合，但与放在动词之前的直接宾语代词配合：les photos que j'ai prises、je les ai vues。这条规则往往就是写作中 7 分与 9 分的分界线。
5. The Imperfect Tense | 未完成过去时
The imperfect describes what used to happen, what was happening, and what things were like. Its stem comes from the nous form of the present tense, so verbs you already know give you the imperfect for free.
未完成过去时描述过去经常发生的事、当时正在发生的事以及当时的状态。它的词干来自现在时的 nous 形式，所以你已经掌握的动词可以“免费”得到未完成过去时。
Stem (nous − ons) + -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient
| Person | parler | finir |
|---|---|---|
| je | je parlais | je finissais |
| tu | tu parlais | tu finissais |
| il / elle / on | il parlait | il finissait |
| nous | nous parlions | nous finissions |
| vous | vous parliez | vous finissiez |
| ils / elles | ils parlaient | ils finissaient |
There is exactly one irregular stem at GCSE: être becomes ét- (j'étais, il était, nous étions). Everything else, including avoir, faire, aller, venir and prendre, is regular once you know the nous form of the present.
在 GCSE 阶段只有一个不规则词干：être 变成 ét-（j'étais、il était、nous étions）。其他所有动词，包括 avoir、faire、aller、venir、prendre，只要你记得现在时的 nous 形式，就都是规则的。
Choosing between the two past tenses is a formula, not a feeling. A single completed event with a time frame goes in the perfect: hier, j'ai joué au tennis pendant deux heures. Description, weather, feelings and repeated actions go in the imperfect: quand j'étais petit, il faisait beau et je jouais souvent au tennis.
在两个过去时之间做选择靠的是公式，不是感觉。有明确时间范围的单一完整事件用复合过去时：hier, j'ai joué au tennis pendant deux heures。描写、天气、感受和反复发生的动作则用未完成过去时：quand j'étais petit, il faisait beau et je jouais souvent au tennis。
6. The Near Future and the Simple Future | 最近将来时与简单将来时
French offers two futures and GCSE rewards both. The near future is easier and appears constantly in speaking; the simple future is often needed in formal writing and in the reading paper.
法语有两个将来时，GCSE 都会给分。最近将来时更简单，在口语中频繁出现；简单将来时则常用于正式写作和阅读试题。
Near future = aller (present) + infinitive
Simple future = infinitive + -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont
endras. The simple future also has a fixed set of irregular stems, all of which end in r-: ê vr-, venir → viendr-, voir → verr-, savoir → saur-, prendre → prendr-, recevoir → recevr-.
-re 动词要先去掉词尾的 e 再加词尾：je vendrai、tu vendras。简单将来时还有一整套不规则词干，全部以 r- 结尾：être → ser-、avoir → aur-、aller → ir-、faire → fer-、pouvoir → pourr-、vouloir → voudr-、devoir → devr-、venir → viendr-、voir → verr-、savoir → saur-、prendre → prendr-、recevoir → recevr-。
A useful exam habit: after time expressions such as l'année prochaine, quand j'aurai dix-huit ans, dès que possible, the simple future is usually the safest choice, and it shows the examiner you can move between tenses rather than repeating aller + infinitive four times in one essay.
一个有用的考试习惯：在 l'année prochaine、quand j'aurai dix-huit ans、dès que possible 这类时间表达之后，用简单将来时通常最保险，而且它能向考官展示你可以在时态之间切换，而不是在一篇作文里重复四次 aller + 不定式。
7. The Conditional and Si Clauses | 条件式与 si 从句
The conditional expresses what would happen, polite requests and wishes. Its formula combines the future stem with the imperfect endings, which is why the future section must come first.
条件式表达“将会发生什么”、礼貌请求和愿望。它的公式把将来时词干与未完成过去时词尾结合起来，这也是为什么必须先学将来时。
Conditional = future stem + -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient
ais + past participle) → past conditional (aurais + past participle). Never use the future or the conditional directly after si.
si 从句遵循固定的三段式模式，考官每年都会考。si + 现在时 → 将来时。si + 未完成过去时 → 条件式。si + 愈过去时（avais + 过去分词）→ 过去条件式（aurais + 过去分词）。绝对不要在 si 后面直接使用将来时或条件式。
| If clause | 条件从句 | Result | 主句 |
|---|---|
| Si j'ai le temps | je viendrai |
| Si j'avais le temps | je viendrais |
| Si j'avais eu le temps | je serais venu |
In the speaking exam, the conditional is your politeness tool: je voudrais, j'aimerais, pourriez-vous répéter, ce serait bien si. These phrases raise your language mark with
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图