📚 Year 11 Cambridge Geography: Core Topics Revision | 11年级剑桥地理核心知识点梳理
Welcome to this comprehensive revision guide for Cambridge IGCSE Geography. It brings together the core topics, key concepts and case-study applications that Year 11 students need to master for success in their examinations. Each section distils essential knowledge and links processes, patterns and management strategies.
欢迎阅读这份剑桥 IGCSE 地理综合复习指南。它汇集了11年级学生考试成功必须掌握的核心专题、关键概念和案例应用。每一节都提炼了基本知识，并将过程、格局与管理策略联系起来。
1. Population Dynamics | 人口动态
Population change is measured using birth rates, death rates and migration. The natural increase of a population is calculated as birth rate minus death rate per 1000 people per year. A country with a birth rate of 20 ‰ and a death rate of 8 ‰ has a natural increase of 12 ‰.
人口变化通过出生率、死亡率和迁移来衡量。人口自然增长率按每千人每年出生人数减去死亡人数计算。一个出生率为20‰、死亡率为8‰的国家，其自然增长率为12‰。
The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) describes five stages of population change linked to economic development. Stages 1–2 experience a fall in death rates while birth rates remain high, causing rapid growth. In stages 4–5 both rates are low; some countries face population decline and an ageing structure.
人口转变模型（DTM）描述了与经济发展相关的五个人口变化阶段。第1至第2阶段死亡率下降而出生率居高不下，导致快速增长。第4至第5阶段出生率和死亡率均低；一些国家面临人口减少和老龄化结构。
Population pyramids display the age–sex structure of a country. A wide base indicates high birth rates and a youthful population; a narrow base points to an ageing population. The dependency ratio compares the proportion of the population that is economically dependent (under 15 and over 65) with the working-age group.
人口金字塔显示一个国家的年龄-性别结构。底部宽表示高出生率和年轻型人口；底部窄表明人口老龄化。抚养比将经济上依赖的人口比例（15岁以下和65岁以上）与劳动年龄组进行对比。
Governments may adopt anti-natalist policies to reduce birth rates, such as China's former one-child policy, or pro-natalist measures to encourage births, like Singapore's baby bonus scheme. Such policies have long-term social and economic implications.
政府可能采取控制生育的抑制人口政策，如中国曾经的独生子女政策，或采取鼓励生育的措施，如新加坡的婴儿花红计划。这些政策具有长期的社会和经济影响。
2. Migration | 人口迁移
Migration can be internal or international. Push factors force people to leave an area (unemployment, conflict, natural disasters), while pull factors attract them to a new area (job opportunities, safety, better services).
迁移可以是国内迁移或国际迁移。推力因素迫使人们离开某地（失业、冲突、自然灾害），而拉力因素吸引人们前往新地区（就业机会、安全、更好的服务）。
Rural–urban migration is common in many developing countries as people move to cities seeking employment and improved living standards. This drives rapid urbanisation and often leads to the growth of informal settlements with inadequate housing and sanitation.
在许多发展中国家，农村向城市迁移很普遍，人们为寻求就业和更好生活水平迁往城市。这推动快速城市化，并常导致非正规居住区增长，这些地方住房和卫生条件不足。
Migrant remittances can boost the source country's economy, but emigration also causes brain drain, where skilled workers leave. Host countries may benefit from labour but can face social tensions and pressure on services.
移民汇款能提振原籍国的经济，但迁出也导致人才流失，即技术工人离开。接纳国可能受益于劳动力，但可能面临社会紧张和公共服务压力。
Forced migration includes refugees fleeing persecution or conflict. These movements often create humanitarian crises and require international coordination to provide shelter, food and long-term solutions.
被迫迁移包括逃离迫害或冲突的难民。这类人口流动往往造成人道主义危机，需要国际协调提供住所、食物和长期解决方案。
3. Settlement and Urbanisation | 定居点与城市化
Settlement patterns reflect the function, size and spacing of places. A settlement hierarchy ranges from isolated dwellings and hamlets to towns, cities and megacities. The threshold population and range of services help explain why higher-order settlements are fewer.
定居点格局反映了地方的功能、规模和间隔。定居点等级从孤立的住宅和小村庄到城镇、城市和特大城市。门槛人口和服务范围有助于解释为什么高级别定居点数量较少。
Urban land use can be explained by the Burgess concentric-zone model and the Hoyt sector model. The Central Business District (CBD) is the commercial core with high land values and tall buildings, while residential and industrial zones lie further out.
城市土地利用可用伯吉斯同心圆模型和霍伊特扇形模型解释。中央商务区（CBD）是商业核心，地价高、高楼林立，而居住区和工业区位于更外围。
Rapid urbanisation in the developing world creates mega-cities with challenges such as housing shortages, traffic congestion, poor waste management and air pollution. Sustainable urban planning promotes green belts, efficient mass transit and mixed-use development.
发展中世界的快速城市化催生特大城市，带来住房短缺、交通拥堵、废弃物管理不善和空气污染等挑战。可持续城市规划提倡绿化带、高效大众运输和混合用途开发。
In some high-income countries, counter-urbanisation sees people move from cities to rural areas seeking a better quality of life. Re-urbanisation may later regenerate inner-city areas through government and private investment.
在一些高收入国家，逆城市化让人们从城市迁往农村以寻求更好生活质量。再城市化则通过政府和私人投资使内城地区得到复兴。
4. Plate Tectonics and Hazards | 板块构造与灾害
The Earth's lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that move on the semi-molten asthenosphere. Convection currents in the mantle drive plate movements. There are constructive (divergent), destructive (convergent), conservative (transform) and collision boundaries.
地球岩石圈分裂为若干板块，在半熔融的软流层上移动。地幔中的对流驱动板块运动。板块边界分为建设型（张裂）、破坏型（汇聚）、守恒型（转换）和碰撞型。
Volcanoes form where magma rises at constructive and destructive boundaries. Shield volcanoes, such as those in Hawaii, have gentle slopes and basaltic lava; composite volcanoes, like Mount Pinatubo, are steep with explosive andesitic eruptions.
火山在建设型和破坏型边界岩浆上升处形成。盾状火山（如夏威夷的火山）坡度平缓，喷发玄武岩岩浆；复合火山（如皮纳图博火山）陡峭，发生爆炸性的安山岩喷发。
Earthquakes occur when stress accumulated in the crust is released along a fault. Magnitude is recorded on the Richter scale, while the Mercalli scale measures intensity. Depth,
Published by TutorHao | Year 11 Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图