📚 Year 11 Cambridge Psychology: Glossary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | 剑桥11年级心理学词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terminology is the first step to success in Cambridge Year 11 Psychology. This guide compiles essential terms organised by topic, with clear definitions in both English and Chinese to support bilingual learners. Use it as a daily revision tool to strengthen your command of psychological language.
掌握关键术语是剑桥11年级心理学成功的第一步。本指南按主题整理了核心词汇，提供清晰的中英双语释义，帮助双语学习者巩固心理学术语。可将其作为日常复习工具，强化对心理学语言的运用。
1. Research Methods Terminology | 研究方法术语
Independent Variable (IV) – The variable that is deliberately changed or manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
自变量 – 由研究者有目的地改变或操纵的变量，以观察其对因变量的影响。
Dependent Variable (DV) – The variable that is measured by the researcher; it is expected to change as a result of the manipulation of the IV.
因变量 – 研究者测量的变量；预期会因自变量的改变而发生变化。
Confounding Variable – An extraneous variable that is not controlled and may accidentally affect the DV, distorting the apparent relationship between IV and DV.
混淆变量 – 一个未被控制的外部变量，可能意外影响因变量，扭曲自变量和因变量之间原本的关系。
Operationalisation – The process of defining variables in measurable terms so that they can be tested empirically.
操作化 – 用可测量的方式定义变量的过程，以便进行实证检验。
Hypothesis – A precise, testable statement predicting the expected outcome of a study (e.g., 'Participants who sleep 8 hours will recall more words than those who sleep 4 hours').
假设 – 一个精确、可检验的陈述，预测研究的预期结果（例如，“睡眠8小时的被试比睡眠4小时的被试能回忆更多单词”）。
2. Memory and Forgetting | 记忆与遗忘
Encoding – The process of transforming sensory input into a format that can be placed into memory.
编码 – 将感觉输入转换成可存入记忆的形式的过程。
Storage – The retention of encoded information over time in the memory system.
储存 – 编码后的信息在记忆系统中随时间的保持。
Retrieval – The process of accessing and bringing stored information back into conscious awareness.
提取 – 获取储存的信息并将其带回意识层面的过程。
Short-term Memory (STM) – temporary storage system with limited capacity (about 7±2 chunks) and duration (around 18–30 seconds without rehearsal).
短时记忆 – 一个临时储存系统，容量有限（约7±2个组块），持续时间短（不经过复述约18–30秒）。
Long-term Memory (LTM) – A relatively permanent memory store with potentially unlimited capacity and duration, subdivided into episodic, semantic, and procedural memory.
长时记忆 – 相对永久的记忆储存，容量和持续时间几乎无限，可分为情节记忆、语义记忆和程序性记忆。
Interference Theory – The idea that forgetting occurs because similar memories disrupt each other, either proactively (old disrupts new) or retroactively (new disrupts old).
干扰理论 – 认为遗忘是因为相似记忆互相干扰，可能是前摄干扰（旧记忆干扰新记忆）或倒摄干扰（新记忆干扰旧记忆）。
Context-dependent Memory – Enhanced recall when the external environment at retrieval matches the environment at encoding.
情境依赖记忆 – 当提取时的外部环境与编码时的环境匹配时，回忆效果增强。
3. Perception and Sensation | 感觉与知觉
Sensation – The process by which our sensory receptors detect physical stimuli from the environment and send signals to the brain.
感觉 – 我们的感觉器官检测环境中的物理刺激并向大脑发送信号的过程。
Perception – The brain's active interpretation and organisation of sensory information to give it meaning.
知觉 – 大脑对感觉信息进行主动解释和组织，赋予其意义的过程。
Visual Illusion – A mismatch between physical reality and perceptual experience, demonstrating that perception is a constructive process (e.g., the Muller-Lyer illusion).
视错觉 – 物理现实与知觉体验之间的不匹配，表明知觉是一个建构过程（如缪勒-莱尔错觉）。
Gestalt Principles – A set of rules describing how we tend to organise visual elements into unified wholes (e.g., figure-ground, similarity, proximity, closure).
格式塔原则 – 一套描述我们如何将视觉元素组织成统一整体的规则（如图形-背景、相似性、接近性、闭合性）。
Depth Cues (Monocular vs Binocular) – Information that helps us perceive distance; monocular cues (e.g., linear perspective, relative size) require one eye, while binocular cues (e.g., retinal disparity, convergence) require two.
深度线索（单眼与双眼） – 帮助我们感知距离的信息；单眼线索（如线条透视、相对大小）只需一只眼，双眼线索（如双眼视差、辐合）需要两只眼。
4. Social Influence | 社会影响
Conformity – A change in a person's behaviour or beliefs due to real or imagined group pressure.
从众 – 因真实或想象中的群体压力而导致个人行为或信念的改变。
Obedience – Following the direct orders or commands of an authority figure, even when it contradicts one's own moral judgment.
服从 – 遵从权威人物直接给出的指令或命令，即使这与个人道德判断相悖。
Bystander Effect – The finding that the presence of other people reduces the likelihood of an individual helping a person in need, due to diffusion of responsibility.
旁观者效应 – 发现他人的存在会降低个体帮助需要帮助者的可能性，原因是责任分散。
Social Loafing – The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone.
社会惰化 – 个体在群体中工作时比单独工作时付出更少努力的趋势。
Compliance – A superficial change in behaviour without internal change in attitude, often in response to a direct request.
顺从 – 行为上的表面改变而态度未发生内在变化，通常是为了回应直接请求。
Identification – A temporary change in behaviour and belief to fit in with a valued group, which may not be maintained once group membership ends.
认同 – 为了融入受重视的群体而在行为和信念上做出的暂时改变，一旦脱离群体可能不再保持。
5. Developmental Psychology | 发展心理学
Attachment – A deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space, first studied by John Bowlby.
依恋 – 连接人与人之间跨越时空的深刻而持久的情感纽带，由约翰·鲍尔比首次系统研究。
Secure Attachment – A healthy attachment style where a child feels confident in the caregiver's availability and uses the caregiver as a safe base to explore.
安全型依恋 – 一种健康的依恋风格，儿童对看护者的可获得性充满信心，并将其作为探索的安全基地。
Separation Anxiety – Distress displayed by an infant when separated from the primary caregiver, typically peaking around 6–8 months.
分离焦虑 – 婴儿与主要看护者分开时表现出的痛苦，通常在6–8个月达到高峰。
Strange Situation – A standardised laboratory procedure developed by Ainsworth to assess the quality of attachment between an infant and caregiver.
陌生人情境 – 安斯沃思开发的标准化实验室程序，用于评估婴儿与看护者之间依恋的质量。
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development – Four stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational) through which children's thinking progresses qualitatively.
皮亚杰的认知发展阶段 – 儿童思维发生质性进步的四个阶段（感知运动、前运算、具体运算、形式运算）。
Conservation – The understanding that quantity remains constant even when appearance changes, a skill acquired during the concrete operational stage.
守恒 – 理解即使外观改变，数量仍保持不变的能力，在具体运算阶段获得。
6. Biological Psychology | 生物心理学
Central Nervous System (CNS) – The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing and coordinating information.
中枢神经系统 – 由脑和脊髓组成的神经系统部分，负责处理和协调信息。
Neuron – A specialised nerve cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals throughout the nervous system. Key components include dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and synapse.
神经元 – 一种特化的神经细胞，在整个神经系统内传递电信号和化学信号。关键结构包括树突、轴突、髓鞘和突触。
Synaptic Transmission – The process by which neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron, cross the synaptic gap, and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
突触传递 – 神经递质从前突触神经元释放、穿过突触间隙并与后突触神经元受体结合的过程。
Fight-or-Flight Response – An automatic physiological reaction to a perceived threat, triggered by the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system and involving adrenaline release.
战斗或逃跑反应 – 对感知到的威胁产生的自动生理反应，由自主神经系统的交感分支触发，并涉及肾上腺素的释放。
Localisation of Function – The theory that specific areas of the brain carry out particular tasks (e.g., Broca's area for speech production, motor cortex for movement).
功能定位 – 该理论认为大脑的特定区域执行特定任务（如布罗卡区负责语言产生，运动皮层负责运动）。
Neuroplasticity – The brain's ability to change its structure and function in response to experience or injury, forming new neural connections.
神经可塑性 – 大脑根据经验或损伤改变其结构和功能、形成新神经连接的能力。
7. Cognitive Psychology | 认知心理学
Cognitive Process – An internal mental process such as thinking, problem-solving, language, attention, and memory.
认知过程 – 内部的思维活动，如思考、问题解决、语言、注意和记忆。
Selective Attention – The process of focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus while filtering out others (as illustrated by the cocktail party effect).
选择性注意 – 将意识聚焦于某一特定刺激而过滤掉其他刺激的过程（如鸡尾酒会效应所示）。
Forgetting Curve – Ebbinghaus's graphic depiction of the exponential loss of learned information over time, with the steepest drop shortly after learning.
遗忘曲线 – 艾宾浩斯对学习信息随时间指数性遗忘的图形描绘，学习后不久遗忘速度最快。
Reconstructive Memory – Bartlett's theory that memory is not a passive retrieval of facts but an active reconstruction influenced by schemas, beliefs, and expectations.
重构记忆 – 巴特利特的理论，认为记忆不是对事实的被动提取，而是受图式、信念和期望影响的主动重构。
Schema – A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that helps us organise and interpret information.
图式 – 由信念和期望组成的心理框架，帮助我们组织和解释信息。
8. Psychological Problems | 心理问题
Mental Health – A state of well-being in which an individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with normal stresses, and can work productively.
心理健康 – 指个体认识到自身能力、能够应对正常压力并能高效工作的幸福状态。
Phobia – An intense and irrational fear of a specific object or situation that is disproportionate to the actual danger posed.
恐惧症 – 对特定物体或情境产生强烈且非理性的恐惧，与实际危险不成比例。
Classical Conditioning (Phobia Acquisition) – A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a fearful response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits fear.
经典条件作用（恐惧症获得） – 一种学习过程，中性刺激与天然引发恐惧的无条件刺激配对后，便与恐惧反应关联起来。
Systematic Desensitisation – A behaviour therapy to treat phobias, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus while practising relaxation techniques.
系统脱敏 – 治疗恐惧症的行为疗法，涉及在练习放松技巧的同时逐步暴露于恐惧刺激。
Depression Symptoms (Cognitive, Emotional, Behavioural) – Depressive disorders are characterised by persistent low mood, loss of interest, and negative thinking patterns, which can affect daily functioning.
抑郁症状（认知、情绪、行为） – 抑郁症以持续的负面情绪、兴趣丧失和消极思维模式为特征，可能影响日常功能。
9. Research Design and Ethics | 研究设计与伦理
Independent Measures Design – A research design where different participants are used in each condition of the experiment.
独立组设计 – 一种研究设计，实验的每个条件下使用不同的参与者。
Repeated Measures Design – A research design where the same participants are tested in every condition of the experiment.
重复测量设计 – 一种研究设计，实验的每个条件下都使用同一组参与者进行测试。
Matched Pairs Design – Participants are matched into pairs on characteristics relevant to the study, and then each member is assigned to a different condition.
配对组设计 – 根据与研究相关的特征将参与者配对，然后将每对成员分别分配到不同的条件中。
Informed Consent – The ethical requirement that participants must be fully informed about the nature of the study and agree to take part voluntarily.
知情同意 – 伦理要求参与者必须充分了解研究的性质，并自愿同意参与。
Confidentiality – Protecting participants' identity and data so that individuals cannot be identified from published results.
保密性 – 保护参与者的身份和数据，使得在已发表的结果中无法识别出个人。
Right to Withdraw – Participants must be informed that they can leave the study at any time without penalty and may withdraw their data afterwards.
退出权利 – 必须告知参与者他们可以随时退出研究而不受惩罚，并且事后可以撤回自己的数据。
10. Data Analysis Terms | 数据分析术语
Mean – The arithmetic average of a set of numbers, calculated by adding all values and dividing by the number of values. Sensitive to extreme scores.
平均数 – 一组数字的算术平均值，通过所有数值相加再除以数值的个数来计算。易受极端值影响。
Median – The middle value in a ranked set of data, which is unaffected by extreme scores and often used for skewed distributions.
中位数 – 排序数据中的中间值，不受极端值影响，常用于偏态分布。
Mode – The most frequently occurring value in a data set; useful for categorical data.
众数 – 数据集中出现频率最高的值；适用于分类数据。
Range – A measure of dispersion calculated as the difference between the largest and smallest values in a data set.
极差 – 一种离散度量，计算方式为数据集中最大值与最小值的差值。
Standard Deviation – A measure of how spread out the data points are around the mean; a smaller standard deviation indicates data are clustered closely.
标准差 – 衡量数据点围绕平均数的离散程度；标准差越小表示数据越集中。
Scatter Diagram – A graph used to display the relationship between two co-variables, often visualising a correlation (positive, negative, or zero).
散点图 – 用于展示两个共变量之间关系的图形，通常可以直观显示相关性（正相关、负相关或零相关）。
Correlation Coefficient – A numerical index between –1 and +1 that represents the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables; 0 means no linear relationship.
相关系数 – 介于–1和+1之间的数值，表示两个变量之间关系的强度和方向；0表示没有线性关系。
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