📚 Year 11 Cambridge Economics: Unit Test Mock Paper Walkthrough | Year 11 剑桥经济：单元测试模拟卷解析
This walkthrough covers a typical unit test for Year 11 Cambridge IGCSE Economics, focusing on The Basic Economic Problem, resource allocation, opportunity cost, supply and demand, elasticity, and market failure. Each question is broken down to help you understand the reasoning, avoid common mistakes, and master exam technique.
本文解析一套典型的 Year 11 剑桥 IGCSE 经济学单元测试模拟卷，重点涵盖基本经济问题、资源配置、机会成本、供需、弹性及市场失灵。每道题目都经过详细拆解，旨在帮助你理解推理过程、避开常见陷阱、掌握应试技巧。
1. Question 1: Understanding Scarcity | 第1题：理解稀缺性
Question 1: What is the fundamental economic problem? A. Inflation B. Scarcity C. Unemployment D. Inequality
第1题： 根本的经济问题是什么？A. 通货膨胀 B. 稀缺性 C. 失业 D. 不平等
Scarcity is the inescapable condition where finite resources cannot meet infinite human wants.
稀缺性是一种无法回避的状况，即有限的资源无法满足无限的人类欲望。
It forces all economic agents to choose how to allocate land, labour, capital and enterprise.
它迫使所有经济主体就如何分配土地、劳动、资本和企业才能做出选择。
Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level, but it is a potential consequence of economic instability, not the root problem.
通货膨胀是物价总水平的持续上涨，但它是经济不稳定的潜在后果，而非根本问题。
Unemployment refers to unused factors of production, which is a symptom of inefficiency, not the defining constraint.
失业指未被使用的生产要素，是效率低下的表现，而不是决定性的制约因素。
Inequality concerns the distribution of income and wealth; like the others, it arises from how scarcity is managed rather than being the core dilemma.
不平等涉及收入和财富的分配；与其他选项一样，它源于对稀缺性的管理方式，而非核心困境本身。
2. Question 2: Factor Rewards | 第2题：生产要素报酬
Question 2: Which of the following is the reward for the factor of production 'land'? A. Wages B. Rent C. Interest D. Profit
第2题： 下列哪项是生产要素“土地”的报酬？A. 工资 B. 地租 C. 利息 D. 利润
Each factor of production earns a specific income: land earns rent, labour earns wages, capital earns interest, and enterprise earns profit.
每种生产要素都有其特定收入：土地获得地租，劳动获得工资，资本获得利息，企业才能获得利润。
Land includes all natural resources, such as minerals, forests and water, not just the surface of the earth.
土地包括所有自然资源，如矿产、森林和水源，而不仅仅是地表。
Wages are the return to labour, so option A is incorrect for land.
工资是劳动的回报，因此选项 A 对于土地而言错误。
Interest is paid on capital, eliminating option C. Profit is the reward for risk-taking by entrepreneurs, ruling out D.
利息支付给资本，故排除选项 C。利润是对企业家承担风险的报酬，因此 D 也不正确。
Hence, rent is the correct answer, representing the payment made for the use of natural resources.
因此，地租是正确答案，代表因使用自然资源而支付的款项。
3. Question 3: Calculating Opportunity Cost | 第3题：计算机会成本
Question 3: Maria gives up a job paying $20,000 per year to attend university. Her tuition fees are $5,000 per year. What is the total opportunity cost of her decision to study? A. $5,000 B. $20,000 C. $25,000 D. $0
第3题： 玛丽亚放弃了一份年薪20,000美元的工作去上大学，学费为每年5,000美元。她选择求学的总机会成本是多少？A. 5,000美元 B. 20,000美元 C. 25,000美元 D. 0美元
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative foregone when a choice is made.
机会成本是做出选择时所放弃的次优替代方案的价值。
In this case, Maria sacrifices both the explicit cost of tuition ($5,000) and the implicit cost of lost earnings ($20,000).
本例中，玛丽亚同时放弃了学费这一显性成本（5,000美元）和放弃的收入这一隐性成本（20,000美元）。
The total opportunity cost is the sum of these two elements: $5,000 + $20,000 = $25,000.
总机会成本是这两部分之和：5,000 美元 + 20,000 美元 = 25,000 美元。
A common mistake is to count only the tuition fees or only the lost salary; exam questions often test both explicit and implicit costs.
常见误区是只计算学费或只计算放弃的工资；考试题常同时考查显性和隐性成本。
Option D ($0) is tempting if one thinks studying has no immediate outlay, but it ignores the sacrificed earnings and fees.
选项 D（0美元）颇具迷惑性，若认为学习没有即时支出便会选择该项，但它忽视了放弃的收入和学费。
4. Question 4: Shifting a Production Possibility Curve | 第4题：生产可能性曲线的移动
Question 4: Which of the following would cause a country's production possibility curve (PPC) to shift outwards? A. A rise in unemployment B. A technological advance in manufacturing C. A reduction in the size of the labour force D. A natural disaster destroying factories
第4题： 下列哪项会导致一国生产可能性曲线（PPC）向外移动？A. 失业率上升 B. 制造业技术进步 C. 劳动力规模缩小 D. 自然灾害摧毁工厂
An outward shift of the PPC represents an increase in an economy's productive capacity, allowing more of both goods to be produced.
PPC 向外移动代表经济体生产能力的提升，使得两种商品都能被更多生产。
Technological advance improves the efficiency of resources, enabling higher output with the same inputs; this pushes the curve outward.
技术进步提高资源利用效率，在投入不变的情况下实现更高产出；这将使曲线向外推移。
A rise in unemployment (A) means existing resources are underused, shown by a point inside the PPC, not a shift.
失业率上升（A）意味着现有资源未被充分利用，表现为 PPC 内的一点，而非曲线移动。
A reduction in the labour force (C) and a natural disaster (D) both reduce available resources, shifting the PPC inwards, not outwards.
劳动力减少（C）和自然灾害（D）均会导致可用资源减少，使 PPC 向内而非向外移动。
Understanding the difference between a movement along the PPC and a shift of the curve is essential for accurate analysis.
理解 PPC 上点的移动与曲线本身位移之间的区别，对于准确分析至关重要。
5. Question 5: Mixed Economy Resource Allocation | 第5题：混合经济的资源配置
Question 5: In a mixed economy, most allocation decisions are made by: A. government planning alone B. private sector firms alone C. a combination of market forces and government intervention D. custom and tradition
第5题： 在混合经济中，大多数资源配置决策由谁做出？A. 仅由政府计划 B. 仅由私营部门企业 C. 市场力量与政府干预相结合 D. 习俗和传统
A mixed economy blends characteristics of both market and planned systems.
混合经济融合了市场经济与计划经济的特征。
Market forces determine many production and consumption decisions through the price mechanism, but the government corrects market failures and provides public goods.
市场力量通过价格机制决定许多生产和消费决策，但政府负责纠正市场失灵并提供公共物品。
Pure government decision-making (A) describes a command economy, while purely private decisions (B) describe a free-market economy.
纯粹的政府决策（A）描述的是命令经济，而完全由私人部门决策（B）描述的是自由市场经济。
Custom and tradition (D) characterise a traditional economy, not a modern mixed economy.
习俗和传统（D）是传统经济的特征，而非现代混合经济。
Most real-world economies, including the UK and other Cambridge exam contexts, operate as mixed economies where both sectors interact.
包括英国及其他剑桥考试常涉及的国家在内，大多数现实经济体都是以两个部门相互作用的混合经济模式运行。
6. Question 6: The Law of Demand | 第6题：需求法则
Question 6: The law of demand states that, ceteris paribus, when the price of a good decreases: A. quantity demanded decreases B. quantity demanded increases C. demand shifts to the left D. the supply curve shifts
第6题： 需求法则指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，当商品价格下降时：A. 需求量减少 B. 需求量增加 C. 需求曲线向左移动 D. 供给曲线移动
The law of demand describes an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.
需求法则描述了价格与需求量之间的反向关系。
As price falls, consumers are willing and able to buy more, so quantity demanded increases (option B).
价格下降时，消费者愿意且能够购买更多，因此需求量增加（选项 B）。
It is crucial to distinguish between a change in quantity demanded (movement along the curve) and a change in demand (shift of the curve).
必须区分需求量的变化（沿曲线移动）与需求的变化（曲线位移）。
The phrase 'ceteris paribus' means other factors, such as income or tastes, are held constant.
“其他条件不变”意味着收入、偏好等其他因素保持不变。
Options C and D confuse shifts of curves with movements along the demand curve; a price change alone does not shift the demand curve.
选项 C 和 D 混淆了曲线移动与沿需求曲线的移动；单纯的价格变动不会导致需求曲线位移。
7. Question 7: Factors Shifting the Supply Curve | 第7题：导致供给曲线移动的因素
Question 7: Which of the following will shift the supply curve for coffee to the right? A. A rise in the wages of coffee pickers B. An improvement in coffee harvesting technology C. An increase in the popularity of coffee D. A government tax on coffee beans
第7题： 下列哪项将导致咖啡的供给曲线向右移动？A. 咖啡采摘工工资上涨 B. 咖啡收获技术改进 C. 咖啡受欢迎程度提高 D. 政府对咖啡豆征税
A rightward shift of supply means producers are willing to offer more at every price.
供给曲线向右移动意味着生产者在每一价格水平上都愿意提供更多商品。
Technology improvement (B) lowers production costs, making it more profitable to supply coffee at any given price, so supply increases.
技术改进（B）降低生产成本，使得在任何给定价格下供应咖啡更有利可图，因此供给增加。
Rising wages (A) and new taxes (D) raise costs and shift supply leftwards, not rightwards.
工资上涨（A）和新征税收（D）会提高成本，使供给曲线向左而非向右移动。
An increase in popularity (C) affects demand, not supply; it shifts the demand curve rightward, leaving the supply curve unaffected.
受欢迎程度提高（C）影响的是需求而非供给；它会使需求曲线右移，而供给曲线不受影响。
Exam questions often test the ability to separate demand-side shocks from supply-side shocks.
考试常考查区分需求侧冲击与供给侧冲击的能力。
8. Question 8: Calculating Price Elasticity of Demand | 第8题：计算需求的价格弹性
Question 8: The price of a video game falls from $50 to $40. As a result, the quantity demanded increases from 200 units to 300 units. Using simple percentage changes, what is the price elasticity of demand (ignoring the negative sign)? A. 0.4 B. 2.5 C. 1.0 D. 0.2
第8题： 某电子游戏价格从50美元降至40美元，需求量从200单位增至300单位。利用简单百分比变化计算，需求的价格弹性是多少（忽略负号）？A. 0.4 B. 2.5 C. 1.0 D. 0.2
Price elasticity of demand (PED) measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price.
需求的价格弹性（PED）衡量需求量对价格变化的反应程度。
PED = %ΔQd ÷ %ΔP
PED = 需求量变动百分比 ÷ 价格变动百分比
First, calculate %ΔQd: ((300 - 200) / 200) × 100 = 50%.
首先计算需求量变动百分比：((300 - 200) / 200) × 100 = 50%。
Then %ΔP: ((40 - 50) / 50) × 100 = -20%.
然后计算价格变动百分比：((40 - 50) / 50) × 100 = -20%。
PED = 50% / -20% = -2.5; ignoring the minus sign gives 2.5 (option B).
PED = 50% / -20% = -2.5；忽略负号后为 2.5（选项 B）。
A PED of 2.5 means demand is elastic; a small price drop causes a proportionately larger rise in quantity demanded.
PED 为 2.5 意味着需求富有弹性；小幅价格下降引致更大幅度的需求量上升。
Be careful to use the original price and quantity as the denominator, as required by the simple percentage method, unlike the midpoint formula.
需要注意，简单百分比法要求以原价格和原数量为分母，这与中点公式不同。
9. Question 9: Market Equilibrium After a Supply Increase | 第9题：供给增加后的市场均衡
Question 9: A new fertiliser greatly improves wheat yields. Assuming demand for wheat remains unchanged, what happens to the equilibrium price and quantity of wheat? A. Price rises, quantity rises B. Price falls, quantity rises C. Price falls, quantity falls D. Price rises, quantity falls
第9题： 一种新型化肥大幅提高了小麦产量。假设小麦需求保持不变，其均衡价格与数量将如何变化？A. 价格上升，数量上升 B. 价格下降，数量上升 C. 价格下降，数量下降 D. 价格上升，数量下降
The improvement in fertiliser is a supply-side shock that shifts the supply curve to the right.
化肥的改良属于供给侧冲击，会使供给曲线向右移动。
With demand unchanged, a rightward shift of supply creates a surplus at the original price, pushing the price downwards.
在需求不变的情况下，供给右移会在原价格水平上产生过剩，从而推动价格下降。
As price falls, quantity demanded increases along the existing demand curve, leading to a higher equilibrium quantity.
随着价格下降，需求量沿既有需求曲线增加，从而形成更高的均衡数量。
Therefore, equilibrium price falls and equilibrium quantity rises (option B).
因此，均衡价格下降，均衡数量上升（选项 B）。
Confusing the direction of price and quantity changes is a frequent mistake; drawing a standard demand-supply diagram can prevent this.
混淆价格与数量变动的方向是常见错误；绘制标准供需图可以有效避免这一错误。
10. Question 10: Identifying a Positive Externality | 第10题：识别正外部性
Question 10: A person receives a flu vaccination, reducing the likelihood that colleagues will fall ill. This is an example of: A. a negative externality B. a positive externality C. a private cost D. a public good
第10题： 某人接种流感疫苗，降低了同事感染的可能。这是哪种情况的例子？A. 负外部性 B
Published by TutorHao | Year 11 Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图