📚 Year 11 Cambridge Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 剑桥科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the precise language of Science is crucial for top marks in Year 11 Cambridge IGCSE Coordinated or Triple Award. This bilingual guide equips you with memory-friendly explanations of core terms across Physics, Chemistry and Biology, helping you to recall definitions fluently under exam pressure.
掌握精确的科学语言对于在 Year 11 剑桥 IGCSE 组合科学或三科中取得高分至关重要。这份双语指南为你提供物理、化学和生物核心术语的易记解释，帮助你在考试压力下流利回忆定义。
1. Memory Hacks for Science Vocabulary | 科学词汇记忆技巧
Break complex terms into word roots. For example, 'photosynthesis' comes from 'photo' (light) and 'synthesis' (putting together). Visualising the process immediately anchors the definition.
将复杂术语拆解为词根。例如，‘photosynthesis’源自‘photo’（光）和‘synthesis’（组合）。想象这个过程能立刻巩固定义。
Use acronyms like 'OIL RIG' for redox: Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons), Reduction Is Gain. Say it aloud while covering the definition to strengthen auditory memory.
使用首字母缩略词，如氧化还原的‘OIL RIG’：Oxidation Is Loss（氧化是失电子），Reduction Is Gain（还原是得电子）。边盖住定义边大声说出来，强化听觉记忆。
Create a silly sentence linking the term to its meaning. For 'mitochondria', think: 'Mighty mitochondria make energy.' The sillier, the stickier.
编一个古怪的句子把术语和含义连起来。对于‘mitochondria’，想：‘Mighty mitochondria make energy.（强大的线粒体制造能量）’。越古怪越记得牢。
2. Physics – Motion & Forces | 物理—运动与力
Displacement is the distance moved in a straight line in a given direction. Unlike distance, it is a vector quantity. Picture an arrow pointing straight from start to finish.
位移是沿给定方向直线移动的距离。与路程不同，它是矢量。想象一支箭头从起点直指终点。
Velocity is speed in a particular direction. A car moving at 20 m/s north has velocity; '20 m/s' alone is speed. Link 'v' in vector to 'v' in velocity.
速度是特定方向上的快慢。一辆汽车以20 m/s向北行驶具有速度；单独‘20 m/s’只是速率。将矢量中的‘v’与velocity的‘v’联系起来。
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It occurs when an object speeds up, slows down or changes direction. The equation:
加速度是速度的变化率。物体加速、减速或改变方向时都有加速度。方程：
a = Δv ÷ t
where Δv is change in velocity and t is time taken. Remember 'accelerate' means change in velocity, not just 'go faster'.
其中Δv是速度变化量，t是所用时间。记住‘加速’意味着速度的改变，不仅仅是‘变快’。
Resultant force is the overall force acting on an object. When forces are balanced, resultant force equals zero and motion is unchanged.
合力是作用在物体上的总力。当力平衡时，合力为零，运动状态不变。
3. Physics – Energy, Work & Power | 物理—能量、功与功率
Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. The formula is:
动能是物体由于运动而具有的能量。公式为：
Ek = ½ m v²
where m is mass and v is speed. Think 'kicking' energy – faster or heavier means more kinetic energy.
其中m是质量，v是速率。想象‘踢’的能量——越快越重，动能越大。
tiplied by distance moved in the direction of the force. W = F × d. Work transfers energy.
做功以焦耳为单位，等于力乘以沿力方向移动的距离。W = F × d。做功转移能量。
work or transferring energy. P = W ÷ t. A powerful person does the same work in less time.
功率是做功或转移能量的速率。P = W ÷ t。强大的人在更短时间内做同样的功。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE) is energy stored due to an object's position in a gravitational field. GPE = m × g × h. Link 'potential' to 'height waiting to be released'.
重力势能（GPE）是因物体在引力场中的位置而储存的能量。GPE = m × g × h。将‘势能’与‘待释放的高度’联结。
4. Physics – Waves & Electricity | 物理—波与电
Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its rest position. It determines loudness in sound or brightness in light.
振幅是波上一点离开平衡位置的最大位移。它决定声音的响度或光的明暗。
aves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz). f = 1 ÷ T, where T is the period.
频率是每秒通过一点的完整波的数量，单位为赫兹（Hz）。f = 1 ÷ T，其中T是周期。
Refraction is the change in direction of a wave when it travels from one medium to another due to a change in speed. Remember 'bent spoon in water'.
折射是波从一种介质进入另一种介质时因速度改变而发生的方向变化。记住‘水中的弯勺’。
ate of flow of charge. In metals, it is a flow of electrons. Circuit symbol: I. I = Q ÷ t.
电流是电荷流动的速率。在金属中，是电子的流动。电路符号：I。I = Q ÷ t。
energy transferred per unit charge passed. It drives current around a circuit. V = W ÷ Q.
电势差（电压）是每单位电荷通过时转移的能量。它驱动电流在电路中流动。V = W ÷ Q。
5. Chemistry – Atoms, Elements & Compounds | 化学—原子、元素与化合物
Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It defines the element. Think 'Z' forzahl (number).
原子序数是原子核中的质子数。它定义了元素。联想‘Z’代表‘zahl’（数字）。
Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons. Isotopes differ in mass number but have the same atomic number.
质量数是质子数与中子数之和。同位素质子数相同但质量数不同。
Compound is a substance made of two or more different elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. Unlike a mixture, its properties differ from its components.
化合物是由两种或多种不同元素按固定比例化学结合而成的物质。与混合物不同，它的性质与其组成元素不同。
Ion is a charged particle formed when an atom gains or loses electrons. Cations are positive, anions negative. Remember 'cat-ions are paws-itive' (playful memory).
离子是原子得失电子后形成的带电粒子。阳离子带正电，阴离子带负电。记住‘cat-ions are positive（猫离子是积极的）’。
6. Chemistry – Bonding & Structure | 化学—键合与结构
Ionic bonding occurs between metal and non-metal atoms, involving electron transfer. The strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions form a giant lattice.
离子键发生在金属和非金属原子之间，涉及电子转移。带相反电荷的离子间的强静电力形成巨型晶格。
Covalent bonding is the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms. Simple molecules like H₂O have weak intermolecular forces but strong covalent bonds.
共价键是非金属原子之间共用电子对。简单分子如H₂O分子间作用力弱但共价键强。
Metallic bonding is described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a 'sea' of delocalised electrons. This explains conductivity and malleability.
金属键被描述为被‘海洋’般离域电子包围的正离子晶格。这解释了导电性和延展性。
Allotrope refers to different structural forms of the same element, such as diamond and graphite for carbon. They have distinct physical properties.
同素异形体指同一元素的不同结构形式，如碳的金刚石和石墨。它们具有不同的物理性质。
7. Chemistry – Reactions & Quantitative Chemistry | 化学—反应与定量化学
Exothermic reactions transfer thermal energy to the surroundings, raising temperature. Think 'exit' energy. Combustion and neutralisation are typical examples.
放热反应将热能传递给周围环境，使温度升高。想成‘热量出去’。燃烧和中和是典型例子。
Endothermic reactions absorb thermal energy from the surroundings. Photosynthesis is a key endothermic process. Think 'enter' energy.
吸热反应从周围环境吸收热能。光合作用是一个关键的吸热过程。想成‘热量进来’。
g 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro constant). One mole of any gas occupies 24 dm³ at r.t.p.
摩尔是物质的量的单位，含有6.02 × 10²³个微粒（阿伏伽德罗常数）。在室温常压下，一摩尔任何气体占据体积24 dm³。
Relative atomic mass (Ar) is the average mass of an atom compared to 1/12th of a carbon-12 atom. It appears on the periodic table.
相对原子质量（Ar）是相对于碳-12原子质量的1/12的平均原子质量。它在周期表上可以找到。
8. Biology – Cell Biology & Organisation | 生物—细胞生物学与组织
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Plant and animal cells are eukaryotic. The nucleus contains genetic material.
真核细胞有细胞核和膜包围的细胞器。动植物细胞是真核细胞。细胞核含有遗传物质。
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus; their DNA floats in the cytoplasm as a single loop. Bacteria are prokaryotes. Smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.
原核细胞没有细胞核；它们的DNA在细胞质中以单环形式存在。细菌是原核生物。比真核细胞更小更简单。
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a lower concentration down a concentration gradient. It is passive.
扩散是微粒沿着浓度梯度从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净运动。它是被动的。
Osmosis is the specific diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a dilute to a more concentrated solution.
渗透是水分子通过半透膜从较稀释的溶液向较浓溶液的专门扩散。
9. Biology – Infection & Response | 生物—感染与反应
Pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or protists. 'Patho-' means suffering. They can be spread by direct contact, water or vectors.
病原体是引起疾病的微生物，如细菌、病毒、真菌或原生生物。‘Patho-’意为痛苦。它们可通过直接接触、水或媒介传播。
Antibiotics are medicines that kill bacterial cells but are ineffective against viruses. Misuse leads to antibiotic-resistant strains.
抗生素是杀死细菌细胞的药物，但对病毒无效。滥用会导致抗生素耐药菌株。
Phagocytosis is the process by which a white blood cell engulfs and digests a pathogen. The phagocyte extends cytoplasm around the microbe.
吞噬作用是白细胞吞噬并消化病原体的过程。吞噬细胞将细胞质伸出包围微生物。
Vaccination introduces a harmless form of a pathogen to stimulate an immune response, producing memory cells. It provides long-term immunity.
疫苗接种引入无害形式的病原体以刺激免疫反应，产生记忆细胞。它提供长期免疫力。
10. Biology – Bioenergetics & Ecology | 生物—生物能学与生态
Photosynthesis is the endothermic reaction in which carbon dioxide and water react, using light energy, to produce glucose and oxygen. The word equation:
光合作用是一种吸热反应，二氧化碳和水利用光能反应生成葡萄糖和氧气。文字方程式：
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
Chlorophyll in chloroplasts absorbs light energy. Limiting factors include light intensity, CO₂ concentration and temperature.
叶绿体中的叶绿素吸收光能。限制因素包括光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度。
ucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy). It happens continuously in most cells.
有氧呼吸在有氧条件下从葡萄糖释放能量：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+能量）。它在大多数细胞中持续进行。
Anaerobic respiration in animals produces lactic acid with no oxygen, causing muscle fatigue. In yeast, it produces ethanol and carbon dioxide – fermentation.
动物体内的无氧呼吸在无氧时产生乳酸，导致肌肉疲劳。在酵母中，它产生乙醇和二氧化碳——发酵。
roducer → primary consumer → secondary consumer. Arrows show direction of energy transfer.
食物链显示能量从生产者到消费者的流动。营养级：生产者 → 初级消费者 → 次级消费者。箭头表示能量转移方向。
11. Commonly Confused Terms | 常见易混淆术语
Accuracy is how close a measured value is to the true value, while precision refers to the consistency of repeated measurements. A precise set of data can be inaccurate if systematically biased.
准确度是测量值接近真实值的程度，而精密度指重复测量结果的一致性。一组精密数据如果存在系统偏差，也可能不准确。
Mass is the amount of matter in an object (kg), constant anywhere. Weight is the force of gravity on that mass (N), and varies with gravitational field strength.
质量是物体所含物质的量（kg），在任何地方恒定。重力是作用在该质量上的引力（N），随引力场强度变化。
Element is a pure substance consisting of one type of atom; compound is two or more elements chemically bonded; mixture is physically combined substances that can be separated easily.
元素是由一种原子组成的纯净物；化合物是两种或多种元素化学键合；混合物是物理组合的物质，易于分离。
Breathing is the mechanical movement of air in and out of the lungs, whereas respiration is the cellular process releasing energy. Don't use them interchangeably.
呼吸是空气进出肺部的机械运动，而细胞呼吸是细胞释放能量的过程。两者不可互换。
12. Exam-Day Recall Strategies | 考试当天回忆策略
y equation, draw a formula triangle before writing. For speed: cover the quantity you need — s (speed) = d (distance) over t (time). This reduces errors under pressure.
对任何方程，写前先画公式三角形。以速度为便：遮住你要求的量——s（速度）= d（距离）÷ t（时间）。这能减少压力下的错误。
If a definition escapes you, break the word into roots and think of a lab example. 'Hydrolysis' – 'hydro' (water) + 'lysis' (splitting). Picture adding water to split starch.
如果定义想不起来，把单词拆成词根并联想实验室例子。‘Hydrolysis’—‘hydro’（水）+‘lysis’（分解）。想象加水分解淀粉。
During last-minute reading, run through the glossary in this article aloud with eyes closed. Self-quizzing boosts long-term retrieval.
在最后复习时，闭着眼睛大声过一遍本文术语表。自我测验能增强长期提取能力。
member the flow: mass → moles → molar ratio → mole of unknown → mass. Write each step, don't skip.
对于多步化学计算，记住流程：质量 → 摩尔 → 摩尔比 → 未知物摩尔 → 质量。写出每一步，不要跳步。
Published by TutorHao | Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图