📚 Year 11 Cambridge Chemistry: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 剑桥化学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering chemistry terminology is not about rote memorisation – it is about linking new words to clear concepts. This guide covers the essential IGCSE terms topic by topic, with bite-sized English definitions immediately followed by their Chinese equivalents and memory hooks. Treat it as your daily warm‑up or last‑minute revision companion.
掌握化学术语并不靠死记硬背，而是把新词汇与清晰的概念挂钩。本指南按专题梳理 IGCSE 核心术语，每个术语都给出精炼的英文定义并立即配上中文释义与记忆钩子。请把它当作你的每日热身或考前速查伴侣。
1. Atomic Structure & Particles | 原子结构与微粒
Atom – the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. Visualise a tiny solar system with a dense nucleus and orbiting electrons.
原子 – 能参与化学反应的元素最小粒子。可想象一个微小的太阳系，中心是致密的原子核，核外电子绕行。
Proton – a positively charged sub‑atomic particle found in the nucleus, relative mass = 1. Think ‘pro’ = positive.
质子 – 原子核内带一个单位正电荷的亚原子粒子，相对质量约为 1。联想：pro- 与 positive（正面的）同源。
Neutron – a neutral sub‑atomic particle in the nucleus with a relative mass of 1. ‘Neutr‑’ sounds like ‘neutral’.
中子 – 原子核内不带电荷的亚原子粒子，相对质量约为 1。neutr- 与 neutral（中性的）发音相近。
Electron – a negatively charged sub‑atomic particle that orbits the nucleus in shells; its mass is negligible. Remember ‘electron’ and ‘electricity’ both start with ‘e’.
电子 – 带负电荷的亚原子粒子，在核外电子层上高速运动，质量可忽略。电子、电流都有‘电’字。
Nucleus – the tiny, dense, positively charged centre of an atom, containing protons and neutrons. Almost all the atom's mass is here.
原子核 – 原子中心体积极小、密度极大、带正电荷的部分，内有质子和中子，集中了几乎全部原子质量。
Atomic (proton) number – the number of protons in the nucleus. It identifies the element.
原子序数（质子数） – 原子核内质子的数目，决定了元素种类。
Mass (nucleon) number – the total number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus.
质量数（核子数） – 原子核内质子数与中子数的总和。
Isotope – atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but different mass numbers (different neutron counts). They share chemical properties but differ in mass.
同位素 – 质子数相同而中子数不同的同种元素的原子，化学性质基本相同，质量数不同。
Ion – article formed when an atom gains or loses electrons. Cation = positive; Anion = negative. 'Cat-ions are paws-itive' (cats have paws).
离子 – 原子得失电子后形成的带电粒子。阳离子（cation）带正电，阴离子（anion）带负电。联想：cat (猫) 有爪子(paws)，谐音 positive。
2. Chemical Bonding & Structure | 化学键与结构
Ionic bond – the strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. Occurs when a metal transfers electrons to a non‑metal.
离子键 – 带相反电荷离子之间的强静电引力，通常发生在金属原子将电子转移给非金属原子时。
Covalent bond – a shared pair of electrons between two non‑metal atoms. Each shared pair counts as one bond.
共价键 – 两个非金属原子间共用的一对电子。每一对共用电子即为一个共价键。
Metallic bond – the attraction between positive metal ions and a 'sea' of delocalised electrons. This explains conductivity and malleability.
金属键 – 金属阳离子与离域电子‘海洋’之间的引力，可解释导电性和延展性。
Giant ionic lattice – a regular 3‑D arrangement of alternating cations and anions, e.g. NaCl. High melting point because of strong ionic bonds.
巨型离子晶格 – 阴阳离子交替排列的有序三维结构，如 NaCl。因离子键强，熔点很高。
Giant covalent structure – a network of atoms joined by covalent bonds throughout the whole structure, e.g. diamond, graphite, SiO₂. Very high melting points.
巨型共价结构 – 整体由共价键连接成网络的物质，如金刚石、石墨、SiO₂，熔点极高。
Simple molecular structure – small discrete molecules held together by weak intermolecular forces, e.g. H₂O, CO₂. Low melting and boiling points.
简单分子结构 – 由弱分子间作用力维系的小分子物质，如 H₂O、CO₂，熔沸点低。
Allotrope – different structural forms of the same element in the same physical state, e.g. diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon.
同素异形体 – 同种元素在同一状态下形成的不同结构形式，如金刚石和石墨是碳的同素异形体。
3. Stoichiometry & the Mole | 化学计量与摩尔
Mole – adro constant). One mole of any substance has a mass equal to its relative atomic/formula mass in grams.
摩尔 – 含有阿伏伽德罗常数（约 6.02 × 10²³）个粒子的物质的量。1 mol 任何物质的质量等于其相对原子/式质量，以克计。
number of moles = mass (g) ÷ molar mass (g/mol)
Relative atomic mass, Aᵣ – the weighted average mass of an atom compared to 1/12 the mass of a carbon‑12 atom.
相对原子质量 Aᵣ – 某元素原子相对于碳‑12 原子质量的 1/12 的加权平均值。
Relative molecular/formula mass, Mᵣ – the sum of the relative atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule or formula unit.
相对分子/式质量 Mᵣ – 分子或式单元中所有原子的相对原子质量之和。
Empirical formula – the simplest whole‑number ratio of atoms in a compound. Calculated from percentage composition or mass data.
经验式（最简式） – 化合物中各原子最简整数比，可由质量分数或实验数据求得。
Molecular formula – shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule. A multiple of the empirical formula.
分子式 – 表示一个分子中各元素原子的实际数目，是经验式的整数倍。
Limiting reactant – the reactant that is completely used up first in a reaction and stops the reaction. Determines the maximum amount of product.
限量反应物 – 反应中最先被耗尽的物质，限制了产物的最大生成量。
Percentage yield – (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100%. Measures the efficiency of a reaction.
产率 – (实际产量 ÷ 理论产量) × 100%，用于衡量反应效率。
4. Acids, Bases & Salts | 酸、碱和盐
Acid – a substance that donates H⁺ ions (protons) in aqueous solution. Strong acids fully dissociate, weak acids partially.
酸 – 在水溶液中能给出 H⁺（质子）的物质。强酸完全电离，弱酸部分电离。
Base – a substance that neutralises an acid, producing a salt and water. Metal oxides and hydroxides are bases.
碱 – 能中和酸并生成盐和水的物质。金属氧化物和氢氧化物都是碱。
Alkali – a soluble base that releases OH⁻ ions in water. All alkalis are bases, but not all bases are soluble.
可溶性碱 – 溶于水并释放 OH⁻ 离子的碱。所有 alkalis 都是 bases，但碱不一定可溶。
pH scale – rithmic measure of hydrogen ion concentration. pH < 7 acid, pH = 7 neutral, pH > 7 alkali.
pH 标度 – 氢离子浓度的对数标度。pH < 7 酸性，pH = 7 中性，pH > 7 碱性。
Neutralisation – the reaction between H⁺ and OH⁻ to form water: H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O. Exothermic.
中和反应 – H⁺ 与 OH⁻ 结合生成水的反应：H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O，放热。
Salt – an ionic compound formed when the H⁺ of an acid is replaced by a metal ion or ammonium ion.
盐 – 酸中的 H⁺ 被金属离子或铵根离子替代后形成的离子化合物。
Titration – a technique using a burette to add an acid (or alkali) of known concentration to an alkali (or acid) until neutralisation, used to find unknown concentrations.
滴定 – 用滴定管向已知浓度的酸或碱中逐滴加入碱或酸至中和，以测定未知浓度的方法。
Strong vs weak acid – strong acids are fully ionised in water (e.g. HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃); weak acids are partially ionised (e.g. ethanoic acid CH₃COOH).
强酸与弱酸 – 强酸在水中完全电离（如 HCl、H₂SO₄、HNO₃），弱酸部分电离（如乙酸 CH₃COOH）。
5. Periodic Table & Trends | 周期表与趋势
Group – a vertical column in the periodic table. Elements in the same group have the same number of outer‑shell electrons and similar chemical properties.
族 – 周期表中的纵列。同族元素最外层电子数相同，化学性质相似。
Period – a horizontal row in the periodic table. The period number equals the number of occupied electron shells.
周期 – 周期表中的横行。周期数等于该行元素已占据的电子层数。
Noble gases (Group 0/18) – chemically unreactive monatomic gases with full outer shells. Boiling points increase down the group.
稀有气体（第 0/18 族） – 具有全满最外层的化学惰性单原子气体，沸点自上而下升高。
Halogens (Group 17) – diatomic non‑metals (F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂) that gain one electron to form halide ions. Reactivity decreases down the group.
卤素（第 17 族） – 双原子非金属分子（F₂、Cl₂、Br₂、I₂），倾向得一个电子成为卤离子。反应活性自上而下减弱。
Alkali metals (Group 1) – soft, highly reactive metals that lose one electron to form M⁺ ions. Reactivity increases down the group.
碱金属（第 1 族） – 质地柔软、反应性极强的金属，失去一个电子形成 M⁺ 离子。活性自上而下增强。
Transition metals – hard, dense metals with high melting points, often form coloured compounds and act as catalysts (e.g. Fe, Cu, Mn).
过渡金属 – 熔点高、密度大、硬度大的金属，常形成有色化合物并可用作催化剂（如 Fe、Cu、Mn）。
Atomic radius trend – decreases across a period (increasing nuclear charge pulls electrons closer) and increases down a group (more shells).
原子半径趋势 – 同周期自左向右减小（核电荷增加，电子被拉近），同族自上而下增大（电子层增多）。
6. Metals & Reactivity | 金属与反应性
Reactivity series – a list of metals arranged in order of decreasing reactivity: K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > [H] > Cu > Ag > Au. More reactive metals displace less reactive ones.
金属活动性顺序 – 金属按反应活性由强到弱排列：K、Na、Ca、Mg、Al、Zn、Fe、[H]、Cu、Ag、Au。活泼金属能将较不活泼金属从其化合物中置换出来。
Displacement reaction – a reaction where a more reactive element takes the place of a less reactive element in a compound.
置换反应 – 较活泼元素将较不活泼元素从其化合物中替换出来的反应。
Reduction (oxygen loss) – oval of oxygen from a substance. e.g. Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂, the iron oxide is reduced.
还原（失氧） – 物质失去氧的过程。例如 Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂ 中，氧化铁被还原。
Oxidation (oxygen gain) – the gain of oxygen by a substance. The same reaction sees CO oxidised to CO₂.
氧化（得氧） – 物质得到氧的过程。上例中 CO 被氧化为 CO₂。
Alloy – a mixture of a metal with other elements (often other metals or carbon) that distorts the regular metallic lattice, making the material harder and stronger.
合金 – 金属与其它元素（常为金属或碳）的混合物，打乱了规则金属晶格，使合金更硬更强。
Rusting – the corrosion of iron in the presence of both oxygen and water, forming hydrated iron(III) oxide.
生锈 – 铁在氧气和水同时存在时发生的腐蚀，生成水合氧化铁。
Extraction by carbon – an be extracted by heating their oxide with carbon (reduction). e.g. 2PbO + C → 2Pb + CO₂.
用碳冶炼 – 活动性顺序在碳以下的金属可通过用碳加热其氧化物来冶炼（还原）。
7. Electrochemistry | 电化学
Electrolysis – the decomposition of an ionic compound when molten or in aqueous solution by passing an electric current through it.
电解 – 在熔融态或水溶液中通直流电使离子化合物分解的过程。
Electrolyte – the ionic compound, either molten or dissolved, that conducts electricity and is decomposed during electrolysis.
电解质 – 熔融态或溶于水时能导电且被电解分解的离子化合物。
Electrode – into and out of the electrolyte. Anode = positive electrode; Cathode = negative electrode. 'A n O x' (Anode attracts Negative ions, Oxidation occurs). 'C a t R e d' (Cathode attracts Positive ions, Reduction occurs).
电极 – 将电流导入和导出电解质的固态导体（常为石墨或金属）。阳极接电源正极，阴极接负极。记忆口诀：阳氧负（阳极吸引阴离子，发生氧化）；阴还正（阴极吸引阳离子，发生还原）。
Oxidation (electron loss) – loss of electrons. Happens at the anode. OIL RIG (Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain).
氧化（失电子） – 失电子，发生在阳极。OIL RIG：氧化失电子，还原得电子。
Reduction (electron gain) – gain of electrons. Happens at the cathode.
还原（得电子） – 得电子，发生在阴极。
Half‑equation – ther oxidation or reduction separately, with electrons. e.g. 2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻ (oxidation).
半反应式 – 分别表示氧化或还原过程并标明电子的方程式，如 2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻（氧化）。
Simple cell – a device using two different metals in an electrolyte to convert chemical energy into electrical energy. The greater the difference in reactivity, the larger the voltage.
原电池 – 将两种不同金属浸入电解质中，将化学能转化为电能的装置。金属活动性差别越大，电压越大。
8. Organic Chemistry Basics | 有机化学基础
Hydrocarbon – a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
烃 – 仅含碳和氢两种元素的化合物。
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