📚 Physics Vocabulary Memorisation Guide for Year 11 | Year 11 物理词汇术语速记指南
Mastering physics starts with understanding its language. In Year 11 Cambridge Physics, you need to learn a wide range of technical terms, from 'scalar' and 'vector' to 'resistance' and 'half-life'. This guide provides a systematic approach to memorising these terms by grouping them into key concept areas, explaining their meanings with clear examples, and sharing effective memory strategies. By linking each term to its physical behaviour and practising active recall, you will be able to use these words confidently in exams and lab work.
学好物理始于理解它的语言。在 Year 11 剑桥物理课程中，你需要掌握大量专业术语，从“标量”和“矢量”到“电阻”和“半衰期”。本指南通过将术语归类到核心概念板块、用清晰的例子解释含义并分享高效的记忆策略，为你提供一套系统的速记方法。通过将每个术语与它的物理行为联系起来并进行主动回忆练习，你将能够在考试和实验中自信地使用这些词汇。
1. Motion and Kinematics Terms | 运动与运动学术语
Kinematics describes how objects move without considering the forces causing the motion. Key terms include distance (a scalar quantity measured in metres, representing the total path length travelled) and displacement (a vector quantity giving the straight-line distance in a specific direction from start to finish). Speed is the rate at which distance is covered, while velocity is the rate of change of displacement, making it a vector. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, which can be positive (speeding up) or negative (slowing down, also called deceleration). All of these quantities are linked by the SUVAT equations when acceleration is constant.
运动学描述物体如何运动而不考虑引起运动的力。关键术语包括距离（标量，单位为米，表示经过的路径总长度）和位移（矢量，表示从起点到终点的直线距离和特定方向）。速率是覆盖距离的快慢，而速度是位移的变化率，因此是矢量。加速度是速度的变化率，可以是正的（加速）或负的（减速，也称减速度）。当加速度恒定时，所有这些量都通过 SUVAT 方程联系在一起。
2. Forces and Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律
A force is a push or pull that can change an object' acting on that mass (vector, N). Weight = mass × gravitational field strength (g). Newton' object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force. Newton's Second Law: resultant force = mass × acceleration (F = ma). Newton' n. Friction opposes motion, and tension is the force transmitted through a string or rope.
力是能改变物体运动状态的推或拉，单位为牛顿（N）。质量是物体所含物质的多少（标量，kg），而重量是作用在该质量上的重力（矢量，N）。重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度（g）。牛顿第一定律指出，除非受到合力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动。牛顿第二定律：合力 = 质量 × 加速度（F = ma）。牛顿第三定律：每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。摩擦力阻碍运动，张力是通过绳子或绳索传递的力。
3. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
ue to height in a gravitational field), elastic potential energy (stored in stretched or compressed springs), thermal energy (internal energy related to temperature), chemical energy, and nuclear energy. The Principle of Conservation of Energy states that energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated, but cannot be created or destroyed. Work done (W = Fd) is a measure of energy transferred when a force moves an object through a distance. Power is the rate of doing work (P = W/t, in watts).
能量是标量，单位为焦耳（J）。它存在于各种储存形式中：动能（由于运动）、重力势能（由于在重力场中的高度）、弹性势能（储存在被拉伸或压缩的弹簧中）、热能（与温度有关的内能）、化学能和核能。能量守恒定律指出，能量可以被有效转移、储存或耗散，但不能被创造或消灭。做功（W = Fd）是力使物体移动一定距离时所转移的能量度量。功率是做功的速率（P = W/t，单位瓦特）。
4. Waves and Wave Properties | 波与波的性质
tween two consecutive points in phase), frequency (f) (number of complete oscillations per second, in hertz), period (T) (time for one complete oscillation, T = 1/f), and wave speed (v = fλ). Transverse waves have oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer (e.g. light, water ripples), while longitudinal waves have oscillations parallel to the direction of energy transfer (e.g. sound). Reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference are wave behaviours. The electromagnetic spectrum classifies transverse waves by frequency and wavelength, from radio waves to gamma rays.
波传递能量而不传递物质。关键术语：振幅（离开平衡位置的最大位移）、波长（λ）（两个相邻同相位点之间的距离）、频率（f）（每秒完整振动的次数，单位赫兹）、周期（T）（一次完整振动的时间，T = 1/f）和波速（v = fλ）。横波的振动方向与能量传递方向垂直（如光、水波），而纵波的振动方向与能量传递方向平行（如声波）。反射、折射、衍射和干涉是波的行为。电磁波谱按频率和波长对横波进行分类，从无线电波到伽马射线。
5. Electricity and Circuits | 电流与电路
tric charge, measured in amperes (A). In a metal, it is the flow of electrons. Voltage (potential difference, V) is the energy transferred per unit charge, in volts (V). Resistance (R) opposes current, measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm' t constant temperature. Series circuits have the same current through all components but shared voltage; parallel circuits have the same voltage across each branch but split current. Key components: resistors, diodes, thermistors (resistance decreases with temperature), and LDRs (resistance decreases with light intensity). Electromotive force (e.m.f.) is the total energy supplied per unit charge by a source.
电流（I）是电荷流动的速率，单位为安培（A）。在金属中，它是电子的流动。电压（电势差，V）是每单位电荷转移的能量，单位为伏特（V）。电阻（R）阻碍电流，单位为欧姆（Ω）。欧姆定律将它们联系起来：对于恒温电阻器，有 V = IR。串联电路中所有元件电流相同但电压分担；并联电路各支路电压相同但电流分流。关键元件：电阻器、二极管、热敏电阻（电阻随温度升高而减小）和光敏电阻（电阻随光照强度增加而减小）。电动势（e.m.f.）是电源每单位电荷提供的总能量。
6. Thermal Physics and States of Matter | 热物理与物态
Temperature measures how hot an object is on a chosen scale (℃ or K), linked to the average kinetic energy of particles. Heat is thermal energy transferred from a hotter object to a cooler one. Internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a substance. Specific heat capacity (c) is the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C (or K). Specific latent heat (L) is the energy needed to change the state of 1 kg of a substance at constant temperature (fusion for solid–liquid, vaporisation for liquid–gas). Conduction, convection and radiation are methods of thermal energy transfer. Pressure in a gas is caused by particles colliding with container walls.
温度衡量物体的冷热程度，采用选定标度（℃ 或 K），与粒子的平均动能有关。热量是从较热物体转移到较冷物体的热能。内能是物质中所有粒子的总动能和总势能。比热容（c）是使 1 kg 物质温度升高 1 °C（或 1 K）所需的能量。比潜热（L）是使 1 kg 物质在恒定温度下改变状态所需的能量（熔解对应固-液，汽化对应液-气）。热传导、对流和辐射是热能传递的方式。气体中的压强由粒子与容器壁碰撞产生。
7. Atomic Structure and Radioactivity | 原子结构与放射性
eon) number A = protons + neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different neutron numbers. Radioactive decay is the spontaneous emission of radiation from an unstable nucleus. Three main types: alpha (α) particles (helium nuclei, highly ionising, low penetration), beta (β) particles (fast electrons, moderately ionising), and gamma (γ) rays (electromagnetic waves, highly penetrating). Activity is the rate of decay measured in becquerels (Bq). Half-life is the average time for half the nuclei in a sample to decay, or for the activity to halve. Background radiation comes from natural and artificial sources.
原子由原子核（包含质子和中子）及绕核电子组成。原子序数（质子数）Z 定义了元素；质量数（核子数）A = 质子数 + 中子数。同位素是质子数相同但中子数不同的原子。放射性衰变是不稳定原子核自发发射辐射的过程。三种主要类型：α 粒子（氦核，电离能力强，穿透力弱）、β 粒子（快速电子，电离能力中等）和 γ 射线（电磁波，穿透力强）。活度是衰变速率，单位为贝克勒尔（Bq）。半衰期是样品中一半原子核衰变所需的时间，或活度减半所需的时间。本底辐射来自自然和人为源。
8. Key Skills: Graphs, Units and Prefixes | 关键技能：图表、单位与词头
Being able to interpret graphs is crucial. The gradient of a distance–time graph gives speed; the gradient of a velocity–time graph gives acceleration; the area under a velocity–time graph gives displacement. Similarly, the area under a force– s such as newton (N = kg m/s²) and joule (J = N m). Learn SI prefixes: kilo (10³), mega (10⁶), giga (10⁹), milli (10⁻³), micro (10⁻⁶), nano (10⁻⁹), etc. Being able to convert between units fluently prevents many calculation errors.
能够解读图表至关重要。距离-时间图的斜率给出速度；速度-时间图的斜率给出加速度；速度-时间图下的面积给出位移。同样，力-伸长量图下的面积给出做功。务必牢记国际单位制：米（m）、千克（kg）、秒（s）、安培（A）、开尔文（K），以及导出单位如牛顿（N = kg m/s²）和焦耳（J = N m）。学习国际单位制词头：千（10³）、兆（10⁶）、吉（10⁹）、毫（10⁻³）、微（10⁻⁶）、纳（10⁻⁹）等。能熟练转换单位可避免许多计算错误。
9. Commonly Confused Pairs | 常见易混淆词对
Several pairs of terms sound similar but have entirely different meanings. Mass vs Weight: mass is the quantity of matter (kg, scalar), while weight is the gravitational force (N, vector). Speed vs Velocity: speed is a scalar (magnitude only), velocity includes direction. Scalar vs Vector: any physical quantity that has magnitude only vs one with both magnitude and direction. Heat vs Temperature: heat is energy transfer due to temperature difference; temperature measures hotness. Current vs Voltage: current is the flow of charge, voltage is the push that drives it. Writing definitions clearly for these pairs helps avoid common mark losses.
有几对术语听起来相似但含义完全不同。质量与重量：质量是物质的多少（kg，标量），而重量是重力（N，矢量）。速率与速度：速率是标量（仅有大小），速度包含方向。标量与矢量：只有大小的物理量与既有大小又有方向的物理量。热量与温度：热量是因温差转移的能量；温度衡量冷热程度。电流与电压：电流是电荷的流动，电压是驱动电流的推动力。为这些词对清晰地写下定义有助于避免常见的失分。
10. Effective Memorisation Techniques | 高效记忆技巧
To make vocabulary stick, use active recall rather than passive reading. Create flashcards with the term on one side and a concise definition plus a diagram on the other. Use mnemonics: for example, 'Suzy's Velvet Dress' reminds that scalar has magnitude only, vector has magnitude and direction. Draw concept maps linking terms within a topic. Practice explaining a term aloud as if teaching someone else – the Feynman technique. Regularly self-test with past paper questions that ask for definitions. Write out equations and say each symbol's meaning. The more senses you involve – saying, writing, drawing – the better your memory retention will be.
要让词汇牢牢扎根，请使用主动回忆而非被动阅读。制作抽认卡，一面写术语，另一面写简洁的定义并配图。使用助记符：例如，“Suzy's Velvet Dress”提醒你标量（scalar）只有大小，矢量（vector）有大小和方向。绘制概念图将主题内的术语联系起来。练习用费曼技巧——像教别人一样大声解释一个术语。定期用要求下定义的往年真题进行自测。写出方程并说明每个符号的含义。你动用的感官越多——说、写、画——记忆保持效果就越好。
11. Application in Past Paper Contexts | 在真题情境中的应用
Cambridge exams frequently ask students to 'state the definition' or 'explain what is meant by' a term. For example, a 2-mark question might require: 'Define half-life.' A model answer: 'The time taken for the number of radioactive nuclei in a sample to halve.' Use the command words: state, describe, explain, calculate. Knowing the exact meaning of each term helps you decode what the question is actually asking. Pair term memorisation with equation recall: if you remember that kinetic energy = ½mv², you need to know that m is mass in kg and v is speed in m/s.
剑桥考试常要求学生“陈述定义”或“解释……的含义”。例如，一道 2 分题可能要求：“定义半衰期。”标准答案：“样品中放射性原子核数目减半所需的时间。”另一题可能要求区分速率和速度。练习写出用词准确、科学术语使用得当的答案。注意指令词：陈述、描述、解释、计算。了解每个术语的确切含义有助于你破解题目的真正要求。将术语记忆与公式回忆结合起来：如果你记得动能 = ½mv²，就需要知道 m 是质量（kg），v 是速率（m/s）。
12. Building Long-term Fluency | 建立长期熟练度
Vocabulary learning is not a one-off task. Space your review sessions over days and weeks. A simple plan: Day 1 – learn a set of 10–15 terms; Day 2 – self-test; Day 4 – review and add related equations; Day 7 – attempt application questions. Mix up topics to reinforce connections. When you encounter a term in a new context, pause and say its meaning in your own words. Over time, the language of physics becomes second nature. This not only boosts your confidence in written papers but also in practical assessments where precise communication is essential. With a systematic approach, you can turn a long list of intimidating words into a toolkit you can use effortlessly.
词汇学习不是一次性任务。将复习间隔按天、周来安排。一个简单计划：第 1 天——学 10–15 个术语；第 2 天——自测；第 4 天——复习并添加相关公式；第 7 天——尝试应用题。混合不同主题以强化联系。当你在新情境中遇到一个术语时，停下来用自己的话解释其含义。久而久之，物理语言将成为第二天性。这不仅能提升你在笔试中的信心，也能在需要精确交流的实践评估中发挥作用。通过系统的方法，你能够将一长串令人生畏的词汇变成一件可以轻松使用的工具箱。
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