📚 Year 11 SQA Engineering: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Reference Guide | SQA 工程词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to the ultimate quick reference guide for SQA Engineering terminology. This guide is designed for Year 11 students (typically studying National 5 Engineering Science) to help memorise key vocabulary efficiently. Understanding technical terms in both English and Chinese will strengthen your subject knowledge and exam performance. Let's dive into essential engineering concepts and their definitions, paired with Chinese translations for clarity.
欢迎使用这份 SQA 工程术语终极速记指南。本指南专为 Year 11（通常是 National 5 工程科学课程）学生设计，帮助高效记忆关键词汇。掌握中英文技术术语将巩固你的学科知识，提升考试表现。让我们一起深入基本工程概念及其定义，并附上中文翻译以便理解。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force: A push or pull acting upon an object as a result of its interaction with another object. Measured in newtons (N).
力：物体与另一物体相互作用时对其施加的推或拉。单位为牛顿 (N)。
Net Force: The overall force acting on an object when all individual forces are combined. It determines acceleration.
净力：将所有单独作用力合成后作用在物体上的总力。它决定加速度。
Inertia: The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion. Newton's First Law describes inertia.
惯性：物体抵抗其运动状态变化的倾向。牛顿第一定律描述了惯性。
Newton's Second Law ional to the net force and inversely proportional to its mass. Often written as F = m × a.
牛顿第二定律：物体的加速度与净力成正比，与质量成反比。常表示为 F = m × a。
Weight rce due to gravity acting on a mass, calculated as W = m × g, where g ≈ 9.8 m/s² on Earth.
重力：由于引力作用在质量上的力，计算公式为 W = m × g，地球表面 g ≈ 9.8 m/s²。
Friction: A resistive force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be static or kinetic.
摩擦力：阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的抵抗力。可分为静摩擦和动摩擦。
Resultant Force: A single force that has the same effect as all the original forces acting together. It is the vector sum.
合力：与所有原始力共同作用效果相同的单一力。它是矢量和。
2. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
Work Done force moves an object. W = F × d, where d is distance moved in the direction of the force.
功：力使物体移动时传递的能量。W = F × d，其中 d 是沿力方向移动的距离。
Gravitational Potential Energy: Energy stored due to an object's height. Eₚ = m × g × h.
重力势能：因物体高度而储存的能量。Eₚ = m × g × h。
Kinetic Energy: The energy an object possesses due to its motion. Eₖ = ½ × m × v².
动能：物体因运动而具有的能量。Eₖ = ½ × m × v²。
Power The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. P = E ÷ t, measured in watts (W).
功率：做功或能量传递的速率。P = E ÷ t，单位为瓦特 (W)。
Efficiency : The ratio of useful output energy to total input energy, often expressed as a percentage. Efficiency = (Useful Output ÷ Total Input) × 100%.
效率：有用输出能量与总输入能量之比，通常以百分比表示。效率 = （有用输出 ÷ 总输入）× 100%。
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
能量守恒：能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，只能从一种形式转换为另一种形式。
3. Materials and Mechanical Properties | 材料与机械性能
Tensile Strength: The maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before breaking.
抗拉强度：材料在被拉伸断裂前所能承受的最大应力。
Hardness: A material's ability to resist permanent indentation or scratching.
硬度：材料抵抗永久压痕或划痕的能力。
Toughness: The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing.
韧性：材料吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不破裂的能力。
Ductility: The extent to which a material can be drawn into a wire under tension. High ductility means large plastic deformation before break.
延展性：材料在拉力下可被拉成丝的程度。高延展性意味着断裂前有较大的塑性变形。
Malleability: The ability of a material to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without cracking.
可锻性：材料可被锤打或轧制成薄片而不破裂的能力。
Elasticity: The property of returning to original shape after removal of load. Described by Young's modulus in the elastic region.
弹性：卸除载荷后恢复原始形状的性质。在弹性区域用杨氏模量描述。
Brittleness: A material's tendency to fracture or break with little or no plastic deformation.
脆性：材料在几乎没有塑性变形的情况下就断裂或破碎的倾向。
Fatigue: The weakening of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads, often leading to sudden failure.
疲劳：材料因重复加载而导致的弱化，常导致突然失效。
4. Structures and Loads | 结构与载荷
Tension: A pulling force that attempts to stretch a component.
拉伸：试图拉伸构件的拉力。
Compression: A pushing force that attempts to shorten or squeeze a component.
压缩：试图缩短或挤压构件的推力。
Shear: Forces acting parallel but in opposite directions across a cross-section, causing sliding or tearing.
剪切：作用在截面上平行且方向相反的力，导致滑移或撕裂。
Torsion: Twisting force that causes rotational deformation.
扭转：引起旋转变形的扭转力。
Bending: A combination of tension and compression caused by a force applied perpendicular to the member.
弯曲：由垂直于构件的作用力引起的拉伸与压缩组合。
Stress: Internal force per unit area within a material. σ = F ÷ A, measured in pascals (Pa).
应力：材料内部单位面积上的内力。σ = F ÷ A，单位为帕斯卡 (Pa)。
Strain ge in : The relative change in dimension (deformation) compared to the original length. ε = ΔL ÷ L₀, dimensionless.
应变：相对于原始长度的尺寸变化（变形）。ε = ΔL ÷ L₀，无量纲。
Young's Modulus measure of stiffness, equal to stress divided by strain in the elastic region. E = σ ÷ ε.
杨氏模量：刚度的量度，等于弹性区域应力除以应变。E = σ ÷ ε。
Factor of Safety: The ratio of ultimate tensile strength to the allowable working stress. Ensures reliability under uncertainties.
安全系数：极限抗拉强度与许用工作应力之比。确保不确定性下的可靠性。
Beam: A structural element that resists loads applied transversely to its axis, experiencing bending.
梁：抵抗横向载荷作用的结构构件，承受弯曲。
5. Mechanisms and Mechanical Systems | 机构与机械系统
Lever: A simple machine consisting of a rigid bar pivoted at a fulcrum, used to amplify force. Classes 1,2,3 describe arrangement of effort, load and fulcrum.
杠杆：由刚性杆绕支点转动的简单机械，用于增大力。1、2、3类杠杆描述动力、负载和支点的排列。
Fulcrum: The pivot point around
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