📚 Year 11 AQA Science: Quick Memory Guide to Key Vocabulary | Year 11 AQA 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Science can feel like learning a new language – so many terms ending in -ation, -osis or -trope. This guide picks the most important words you will meet across Biology, Chemistry and Physics in the AQA Year 11 specification. For each term you get a clear definition plus a memory trick that really works.
科学有时候就像学一门外语——太多以 “-ation”、“-osis” 或 “-trope” 结尾的术语。本指南挑选了你在 AQA Year 11 物理、化学和生物中会遇到的最重要词汇。每个术语都配有清晰的定义和真正有效的记忆窍门。
1. Scientific Method & Practical Skills | 科学方法与实验技能
Independent variable – the factor you change on purpose in an experiment. Memory trick: 'I' change it – Independent starts with I.
自变量 – 实验中你故意改变的因素。记忆窍门：“我”（I）改变它——自变量英文以 I 开头。
Dependent variable – the factor you measure or observe; it depends on the independent variable. Memory trick: the Data is Dependent on what you changed.
因变量 – 你测量或观察的因素，它取决于自变量。记忆窍门：数据（Data）依赖于你改变的东西。
Control variable – anything you keep the same to make the test fair. Memory trick: you Control it so it doesn't change.
控制变量 – 为保持实验公平而保持不变的因素。记忆窍门：你控制（Control）它，所以它不变。
Repeatable – a result is repeatable when the same person gets similar readings using the same method. Memory trick: repeat = same person does it again.
可重复性 – 同一人用同样方法得到相似读数的结果。记忆窍门：repeat（重复）= 同一个人再做一次。
Reproducible – a result is reproducible when a different person follows the method and gets similar readings. Memory trick: reproducible involves a different person – think 're-produce' with another scientist.
可复现性 – 不同人按同样方法得到相似读数的结果。记忆窍门：reproducible 涉及另一个人——想象另一位科学家“复现”实验。
2. Forces & Motion | 力与运动
Resultant force – the overall force acting on an object when you add up all the forces (taking direction into account). Memory trick: 'result' = what you get after adding up all the forces.
合力 – 把所有力（考虑方向）加起来后作用在物体上的总力。记忆窍门：“result”（结果）= 把所有力加起来得到的结果。
Velocity – speed in a given direction (a vector quantity). Memory trick: Velocity has direction – both start with V and D.
速度（矢量） – 指定方向上的快慢（矢量）。记忆窍门：Velocity 和 Vector 都带 V，有方向。
Acceleration – rate of change of velocity; can be speeding up, slowing down or changing direction. Memory trick: a car 'accelerates' even when turning – because direction changes.
加速度 – 速度变化的快慢；包括加速、减速或改变方向。记忆窍门：汽车转弯时也在“加速”——因为方向变了。
Inertia – the tendency of an object to stay at rest or keep moving at a constant velocity. Memory trick: 'inert' means lazy; inertia is an object's laziness to change its motion.
惯性 – 物体保持静止或匀速直线运动的倾向。记忆窍门：“惰性”（inert）意味着懒惰；惯性就是物体懒得改变运动状态。
Stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance. Memory trick: stopping = thinking (reaction time) + braking (brakes applied).
停车距离 = 反应距离 + 制动距离。记忆窍门：停车 = 思考（反应时间）+ 刹车（制动）。
3. Energy Resources & Transfers | 能源与能量转化
Kinetic energy – energy an object has because of its motion, calculated as ½ × mass × (speed)². Memory trick: 'kine-' like cinema – moving pictures.
动能 – 物体因运动而具有的能量，计算公式为 ½ × 质量 × 速度²。记忆窍门：“kine-”像 cinema（电影）——移动的画面。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE) – energy stored due to an object's height in a gravitational field: mass × g × height. Memory trick: the higher you are, the greater the potential to fall.
重力势能 (GPE) – 因物体在引力场中的高度而储存的能量：质量 × g × 高度。记忆窍门：位置越高，掉下来的潜力越大。
Efficiency – useful energy output ÷ total energy input (×100%). Memory trick: 'efficient' means less waste – keep what you need.
效率 – 有用能量输出 ÷ 总能量输入（×100%）。记忆窍门：“高效”意味着少浪费——保留你需要的。
Renewable – an energy resource that can be replenished at a similar rate to its use, e.g. solar, wind. Memory trick: 're-new' = can be made new again.
可再生能源 – 能以其使用速度相近的速度得到补充的能源，如太阳能、风能。记忆窍门：“re-new”（更新）= 可以重新变成新的。
Non‑renewable – resources like fossil fuels that are used faster than they are formed. Memory trick: once burned, gone forever – no 'new'.
不可再生能源 – 像化石燃料那样使用速度远远快于形成速度的资源。记忆窍门：一旦燃烧，永远消失——没有“新”。
4. Waves & Electromagnetic Spectrum | 波与电磁波谱
Wavelength – the distance between two corresponding points on a wave, e.g. crest to crest. Memory trick: 'wave-length' says it all – length of one complete wave.
波长 – 波上两个对应点之间的距离，例如从波峰到波峰。记忆窍门：“wave-length”一目了然——一个完整波的长度。
Frequency – the number of complete waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz). Memory trick: more waves per second = 'frequent' waves.
频率 – 每秒通过某点的完整波的数量，单位是赫兹 (Hz)。记忆窍门：每秒通过的波越多 = 波很“频繁”（frequent）。
Amplitude – the maximum displacement of a wave from its rest position. Memory trick: 'ample' means plenty – bigger amplitude means bigger energy.
振幅 – 波偏离其平衡位置的最大位移。记忆窍门：“ample”意为大量——振幅越大，能量越大。
Transverse wave – oscillations are perpendicular to energy transfer (e.g. light, water waves). Memory trick: 'trans' = across – the vibration goes across the direction of travel.
横波 – 振动方向与能量传播方向垂直的波（如光波、水波）。记忆窍门：“trans”意为跨越——振动横跨传播方向。
Longitudinal wave – oscillations are parallel to energy transfer (e.g. sound). Memory trick: 'long' waves move along – stay parallel.
纵波 – 振动方向与能量传播方向平行的波（如声波）。记忆窍门：“long”波沿前进方向——保持平行。
5. Atomic Structure & Periodic Table | 原子结构与元素周期表
Atom – the smallest part of an element that can take part in chemical reactions. Memory trick: 'a-tom' – you cannot cut it smaller (tom = cut, atom = uncuttable).
原子 – 元素能参与化学反应的最小部分。记忆窍门：“a-tom”——不可再切割（tom 意为切，atom 意为不可切）。
Proton – positive particle in the nucleus; mass = 1, charge = +1.
质子 – 原子核中带正电的粒子；质量=1，电荷=+1。
Neutron – neutral particle in the nucleus; mass ≈ 1, charge = 0.
中子 – 原子核中不带电的粒子；质量≈1，电荷=0。
Electron – negative particle found in shells outside the nucleus; mass very small, charge = -1. Memory trick for charges: proton – positive; electron – negative (opposite).
电子 – 原子核外电子层中带负电的粒子；质量极小，电荷=-1。电荷记忆窍门：质子正，电子负，互相对立。
Atomic number – the number of protons in the nucleus; also tells you the number of electrons in a neutral atom.
原子序数 – 原子核中的质子数；在中性原子中也等于电子数。
Mass number – total number of protons + neutrons. Memory trick: mass is mostly from 'fat' particles – protons and neutrons.
质量数 – 质子数 + 中子数之和。记忆窍门：质量主要来自“胖”粒子——质子和中子。
6. Bonding, Structure & Properties | 化学键、结构与性质
Ionic bond – the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, formed when a metal transfers electron(s) to a non‑metal. Memory trick: I-onic = I give or take – ions form.
离子键 – 阴阳离子间的静电吸引力，当金属将电子转移给非金属时形成。记忆窍门：I-onic ——我给出或拿走，形成离子。
Covalent bond – a shared pair of electrons between non‑metal atoms. Memory trick: 'co-' = together, 'valent' relates to valence electrons – sharing together.
共价键 – 非金属原子间共用的一对电子。记忆窍门：“co-”意为共同，“valent”与价电子有关——共同分享。
Metallic bond – the attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons. Memory trick: in a metal, electrons are a 'sea' that glues the positive ions together.
金属键 – 正金属离子与离域电子之间的吸引力。记忆窍门：金属中电子像“海洋”，把正离子粘在一起。
Giant covalent structure – a huge network of atoms joined by covalent bonds (e.g. diamond, SiO₂). Memory trick: 'giant' means thousands of atoms all bonded – super strong.
巨型共价结构 – 由共价键连接的海量原子网络（如金刚石、SiO₂）。记忆窍门：“巨型”意味着成千上万个原子全部键合——超级坚固。
Alloy – a mixture of a metal with one or more other elements, often harder than the pure metal. Memory trick: adding different sized atoms disrupts layers, making it harder to slide.
合金 – 金属与一种或多种其他元素的混合物，通常比纯金属更硬。记忆窍门：加入不同大小的原子打乱了层次，使滑动更难。
7. Chemical Reactions & Energy | 化学反应与能量
Activation energy – the minimum energy particles must have for a reaction to happen when they collide. Memory trick: you need to 'activate' the reaction – like a key to start a car.
活化能 – 粒子碰撞发生反应所必须具备的最低能量。记忆窍门：你需要“激活”反应——就像发动汽车的钥匙。
Exothermic – a reaction that transfers energy to the surroundings, usually heating them up. Memory trick: 'exo-' = exit – energy exits the system; think of heat coming out.
放热反应 – 将能量传递给周围环境的反应，通常使环境温度升高。记忆窍门：“exo-”意为出去——能量从系统出去；想象热量散发出来。
Endothermic – a reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings, causing cooling. Memory trick: 'endo-' = enter – energy enters; think of a cold pack absorbing heat.
吸热反应 – 从周围环境吸收能量的反应，引起降温。记忆窍门：“endo-”意为进入——能量进入；想象冰袋吸热。
Rate of reaction – how quickly reactants are used up or products are made. Memory trick: rate = speed of change; the steeper the graph, the faster the rate.
反应速率 – 反应物消耗或产物生成的快慢。记忆窍门：rate = 变化的速度；图像越陡，速率越快。
Catalyst – a substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up, by providing an alternative pathway with lower activation energy. Memory trick: catalyst = quick shortcut (not a source).
催化剂 – 不需消耗却能加快反应速度的物质，它提供活化能较低的替代途径。记忆窍门：catalyst = 快速的捷径（不是能源）。
8. Cell Biology & Organisation | 细胞生物学与组织
Eukaryotic cell – a cell with a true nucleus and membrane‑bound organelles, e.g. plant and animal cells. Memory trick: 'eu' = true, 'karyon' = nucleus – true nucleus cell.
真核细胞 – 具有真正细胞核和膜结合细胞器的细胞，如植物和动物细胞。记忆窍门：“eu”真，“karyon”核——真正的核细胞。
Prokaryotic cell – a smaller, simpler cell without a nucleus; DNA is free in the cytoplasm, e.g. bacteria. Memory trick: 'pro' = before nucleus – earlier, simpler cell type.
原核细胞 – 更小、更简单，没有细胞核；DNA游离在细胞质中，例如细菌。记忆窍门：“pro”意为在核之前——更早、更简单的细胞类型。
Diffusion – the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration, down a concentration gradient; no energy needed. Memory trick: 'di‑ffuse' – particles spread out like perfume across a room.
扩散 – 粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净运动，顺浓度梯度进行；不需能量。记忆窍门：“扩散”——粒子像香水一样在房间里散开。
Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one. Memory trick: 'osmo' – water only, remember O for H₂O.
渗透 – 水分子通过部分透性膜从稀溶液向较浓溶液的扩散。记忆窍门：“osmo”只和水有关，记住 O 代表 H₂O。
Active transport – movement of substances against the concentration gradient (low to high) using energy from respiration. Memory trick: 'active' = needs energy, like you're fighting the crowd.
主动运输 – 利用呼吸作用提供的能量，逆浓度梯度（低到高）运输物质。记忆窍门：“active”需要能量，像你逆着人流前进。
9. Infection & Response | 感染与免疫
Pathogen – a microorganism that causes disease, e.g. bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists. Memory trick: 'path' = disease, 'gen' = producing – disease‑producing agent.
病原体 – 引起疾病的微生物，如细菌、病毒、真菌、原生生物。记忆窍门：“path”= 疾病，“gen”= 产生——制造疾病的因素。
Antigen – a marker molecule (often protein) on the surface of a pathogen that triggers an immune response. Memory trick: 'anti-gen' – generates anti‑body production.
抗原 – 病原体表面触发免疫反应的标记分子（通常是蛋白质）。记忆窍门：“anti-gen” – 刺激抗体生成。
Antibody – a Y‑shaped protein made by lymphocytes that binds to specific antigens and helps destroy the pathogen. Memory trick: antibodies are 'against' the body invader – they fit like lock and key.
抗体 – 由淋巴细胞产生的Y形蛋白，与特定抗原结合并帮助消灭病原体。记忆窍门：抗体“对抗”入侵者——它们像锁和钥匙一样匹配。
Vaccination – introducing a small quantity of dead or weakened pathogen to stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies, generating memory cells. Memory trick: vaccine = 'mock' infection – your body learns the enemy.
疫苗接种 – 引入少量灭活或减毒的病原体，刺激白细胞产生抗体并生成记忆细胞。记忆窍门：疫苗 = “模拟”感染——你的身体认识敌人。
Antibiotic – a medicine that kills bacterial pathogens inside the body, without harming human cells. Memory trick: 'anti‑bio' = against life – but only bacteria; remember they don't kill viruses.
抗生素 – 一种能杀死体内细菌病原体而不伤害人体细胞的药物。记忆窍门：“anti-bio”对抗生命——但只针对细菌；记住它们不能杀死病毒。
10. Bioenergetics: Photosynthesis & Respiration | 生物能学：光合作用与呼吸作用
Photosynthesis – nd oxygen. Word equation: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen (light & chlorophyll). Memory trick: 'photo' = light, 'synthesis' = making – making food with light.
光合作用 – 植物利用光能把二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。文字方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气（光与叶绿素）。记忆窍门：“photo”光，“synthesis”合成——用光制造食物。
Aerobic respiration – ase of energy from glucose using oxygen: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ATP). Memory trick: aerobic needs air (oxygen) – think 'air‑obic'.
有氧呼吸 – 利用氧气从葡萄糖释放能量：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 (+ATP)。记忆窍门：有氧需要空气（氧气）——“air-obic”。
Anaerobic respiration – the incomplete breakdown of glucose without oxygen, producing lactic acid in muscles (or ethanol and CO₂ in yeast). Memory trick: 'an' = without – without air, you make lactate, which causes cramp.
无氧呼吸 – 葡萄糖在没有氧气情况下的不完全分解，在肌肉中产生乳酸（或在酵母中产生乙醇和CO₂）。记忆窍门：“an” = 无——无空气时产生乳酸，导致抽筋。
Metabolism – the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or organism. Memory trick: 'metab' = change – it's all the building and breaking reactions inside you.
新陈代谢 – 细胞或生物体内所有化学反应的总和。记忆窍门：“metab”变化——你体内所有合成和分解反应。
11. Homeostasis & Response | 稳态与反应
Homeostasis – the regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain a stable, optimal environment in response to changes. Memory trick: 'homeo' = same, 'stasis' = state – keeping the body's state the same.
稳态 – 细胞或生物体调节内部环境以响应变化，维持稳定和最佳状态。记忆窍门：“homeo”相同，“stasis”状态——保持身体状态相同。
Receptor – cells or proteins that detect a stimulus (a change in environment). Memory trick: receptor 'receives' information – like your ears receiving sound.
感受器 – 检测刺激（环境变化）的细胞或蛋白质。记忆窍门：感受器“接收”信息——就像耳朵接收声音。
Effector – a muscle or gland that brings about a response to a stimulus. Memory trick: effector 'effects' a change – muscles make you move, glands secrete.
效应器 – 对刺激作出反应的肌肉或腺体。记忆窍门：效应器“实现”变化——肌肉让你动，腺体分泌。
Synapse – the junction between two neurones; a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) crosses the gap. Memory trick: 'syn' = together, 'apse' like a gap – a tiny bridge with a gap.
突触 – 两个神经元之间的连接点；化学信号（神经递质）跨过间隙。记忆窍门：“syn”一起，“apse”像间隙——带有间隙的小桥。
Reflex – a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus that bypasses the conscious brain. Memory trick: reflex = quick reaction – you pull your hand before you even think.
反射 – 绕过意识大脑的快速自动反应。记忆窍门：反射 = 快速反应——你还没想就把手抽回来。
12. Inheritance, Variation & Evolution | 遗传、变异与进化
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid; a double‑helix polymer that carries genetic information. Memory trick: DNA is the instruction 'book' of the cell; think 'do not alter'.
DNA (脱氧核糖核酸) – 一种双螺旋聚合物，携带遗传信息。记忆窍门：DNA是细胞的说明书；“Do Not Alter”（请勿改动）。
Gene – a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein (or trait). Memory trick: gene = a recipe for one protein; think 'jeans' – one pair makes one look.
基因 – 编码特定蛋白质（或性状）的一段DNA。记忆窍门：基因 = 一个蛋白质的配方；想象“牛仔裤”（jeans）——一条裤子决定一个形象。
Allele – different version of the same gene (e.g. blue vs brown eye colour). Memory trick: 'allele' = alternative form – like choosing a different flavour.
等位基因 – 同一基因的不同版本（如蓝眼与棕眼）。记忆窍门：“allele” = 替代形式——如同选择不同口味。
Dominant – an allele expressed even if only one copy is present; masks the recessive allele. Memory trick: dominant = bulldozer – dominates over the shy one.
显性 – 即使只有一个拷贝也能表达的等位基因；掩盖隐性等位基因。记忆窍门：显性就像推土机——压倒害羞的那个。
Recessive – an allele that is only expressed if two copies are present. Memory trick: recessive is 'shy'; you need two copies for it to show.
隐性 – 只有当两个拷贝都存在时才表达的等位基因。记忆窍门：隐性是“害羞”的；需要两个才能出现。
Natural selection – the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce, passing on advantageous alleles. Memory trick: 'survival of the fittest' is nature choosing which traits get passed on.
自然选择 – 更适应环境的生物体倾向于生存和繁殖，将有利等位基因传递下去的过程。记忆窍门：“适者生存”就是大自然挑选哪些性状代代相传。
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