📚 Year 11 AQA Biology: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 11 AQA 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vast terminology of AQA GCSE Biology is essential for achieving top grades in Year 11. This bilingual guide provides clear definitions and clever memory hacks for the most important terms, helping you learn and recall quickly.
掌握 AQA GCSE 生物学的大量术语是 Year 11 取得高分的关键。这份双语指南提供重要术语的清晰定义和巧妙记忆技巧，帮助快速学习并牢记。
1. Cell Biology | 细胞生物学
A nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle containing DNA in the form of chromosomes. It controls all cellular activities by regulating gene expression and orchestrating cell division.
细胞核 是膜包裹的细胞器，含有染色体形式的 DNA。它通过调控基因表达和协调细胞分裂来控制一切细胞活动。
Memory tip: Think of the nucleus as the brain of the cell – it stores all the instructions just like a principal's office.
记忆技巧：把细胞核想象成细胞的大脑——像校长办公室一样储存所有指令。
A mitochondrion is the site of aerobic respiration. It releases energy in the form of ATP and has a folded inner membrane (cristae) to increase surface area.
线粒体 是有氧呼吸的场所。它释放 ATP 形式的能量，并具有折叠的内膜（嵴）来增加表面积。
Mnemonic hack: 'Mito' sounds like 'mighty' – the mighty power station that keeps the cell running.
记忆技巧：'Mito' 听起来像 'mighty'——为细胞供能的强大发电站。
Ribosomes are tiny structures that carry out protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA. They are found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
核糖体 是执行蛋白质合成的小型结构，通过翻译信使 RNA 来工作。它们游离在细胞质中或附着在粗面内质网上。
Memory spur: 'Ribo' = 'ribbon' of amino acids being woven into a protein.
记忆联想：'Ribo' 像编织蛋白质的氨基酸“丝带”。
A chloroplast contains chlorophyll and is where photosynthesis occurs in plant cells. It absorbs light energy to produce glucose.
叶绿体 含有叶绿素，是植物细胞进行光合作用的地方。它吸收光能来制造葡萄糖。
Recall trick: 'Chloro' means green – think of the green kitchen where plants cook their food using sunlight.
回忆窍门：'Chloro' 指绿色——想象成绿色厨房，植物用阳光烹饪食物。
2. Transport in Cells | 细胞运输
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration down a concentration gradient. It is a passive process requiring no energy.
扩散 是粒子沿着浓度梯度从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动。这是一个不需能量的被动过程。
Visual cue: A drop of ink spreading in water – particles move until evenly distributed.
视觉线索：墨水滴入水中扩散——粒子移动直至均匀分布。
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution across a partially permeable membrane.
渗透 是水分子通过选择透过性膜从稀溶液向较浓溶液的移动。
Word root aid: 'Osmo' relates to 'push' – water is pushed towards the salty side.
词根辅助：'Osmo' 与“推动”有关——水被推向咸的一侧。
Active transport moves substances against a concentration gradient, from low to high concentration, using energy from ATP. It requires carrier proteins in the membrane.
主动运输 利用 ATP 的能量，逆浓度梯度从低浓度向高浓度运输物质。它需要膜上的载体蛋白。
Memory anchor: It's 'active' because the cell works like a pump – against the natural flow.
记忆锚点：被称为“主动”是因为细胞像水泵一样逆自然流向工作。
3. Enzymes | 酶
An enzyme is a biological catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up. It is made of protein and has a specific active site.
酶 是一种生物催化剂，可加速化学反应而自身不被消耗。它由蛋白质组成，并具有特定的活性位点。
Memory: 'Enzyme' rhymes with 'time' – it cuts reaction time.
记忆：'Enzyme' 与 'time' 押韵——它缩短了反应时间。
The substrate fits into the enzyme's active site like a key in a lock (lock and key model). After binding, the reaction takes place and products are released.
底物 像钥匙插入锁孔一样进入酶的活性位点（锁钥模型）。结合后发生反应并释放产物。
Imagine 'sub' meaning 'under', the substance that goes under the enzyme's action.
想象 'sub' 意为“在...之下”，即接受酶作用的物质。
Denaturation occurs when high temperature or extreme pH alters the shape of an enzyme's active site, causing it to stop working. This change is often irreversible.
变性 发生在高温或极端 pH 改变酶活性位点形状时，导致酶失活。这种变化通常不可逆。
Link 'denature' to 'de-nature' – the enzyme loses its natural shape.
将 'denature' 联系到 'de-nature'——酶失去其天然形状。
4. The Digestive System | 消化系统
Amylase is a carbohydrase that breaks down starch into maltose. It is produced in the salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine.
淀粉酶 是一种将淀粉分解为麦芽糖的碳水化合物酶。它由唾液腺、胰腺和小肠产生。
Recall: 'Amyl' comes from 'amylum', Latin for starch – it slices starch.
回忆：'Amyl' 源自拉丁语 'amylum' 意为淀粉——它分解淀粉。
Protease digests proteins into amino acids. It works in the stomach (e.g. pepsin) and is also produced by the pancreas.
蛋白酶 将蛋白质消化为氨基酸。它在胃中起效（如胃蛋白酶），也由胰腺产生。
Word part: 'Prote' = protein, 'ase' = enzyme – the protein digester.
词部：'Prote' 指蛋白质，'ase' 是酶的后缀——蛋白质分解者。
Lipase breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. It is produced by the pancreas and acts in the small intestine.
脂肪酶 将脂肪分解为脂肪酸和甘油。由胰腺产生并在小肠中发挥作用。
Lipid + ase = fat enzyme. Think of 'lip' as in lipid – greasy lips.
Lipid + ase = 脂肪酶。想到 'lip' 如同脂类——油腻的嘴唇。
Bile, produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, emulsifies fats to increase surface area for lipase action. It also neutralises stomach acid.
胆汁由肝脏生成并储存在胆囊，能乳化脂肪以增加脂肪酶作用的表面积，同时中和胃酸。
Memory image: Bile acts like washing-up liquid breaking up grease.
记忆图像：胆汁像洗洁精一样打散油脂。
5. The Circulatory System | 循环系统
The heart has four chambers: the upper atria receive blood, and the lower ventricles pump blood out. The left ventricle has a thicker wall to pump blood around the whole body.
心脏有四个腔室：上方的心房接收血液，下方的心室泵出血液。左心室壁更厚以便将血泵往全身。
Hint: 'Atria' sounds like 'entry' – they are the entry halls of the heart.
暗示：'Atria' 听起来像 'entry'——它们是心脏的门厅。
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They have thick, muscular, elastic walls to withstand high pressure.
动脉 将血液带离心脏。它们有厚实肌肉质且富有弹性的管壁，以承受高压。
Link 'Artery' with 'Away' – Arteries carry blood Away from the heart.
将 'Artery' 与 'Away' 关联——动脉带着血液离开心脏。
Veins return blood to the heart. They have valves to prevent backflow and thinner walls, as pressure is low.
静脉 将血液送回心脏。它们有防止倒流的瓣膜，且管壁较薄，因为血压较低。
Trick: Veins sound like 'v-neck' – blood is coming back in to the heart.
技巧：Veins 听似 V 型流入——血液倒流回心脏。
Capillaries are microscopic vessels with walls only one cell thick, allowing efficient exchange of substances with tissues.
毛细血管 是管壁仅一个细胞厚的微细血管，允许与组织高效交换物质。
Visualise: Capillaries are like narrow alleyways where exchange happens.
想象：毛细血管像狭窄小巷，交换在此进行。
Haemoglobin is the red pigment in red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues.
血红蛋白 是红细胞中的红色色素，在肺部结合氧并在组织释放氧。
Colour link: 'Haemo' means blood, 'globin' like globin protein – think of a red oxygen taxi.
颜色联系：'Haemo' 指血液，'globin' 像球蛋白——想象成红色氧气出租车。
6. Respiration | 呼吸作用
Aerobic respiration word equation: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (and energy in the form of ATP).
有氧呼吸 使用氧气从葡萄糖中释放能量。文字方程式：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（以及 ATP 形式的能量）。
Mnemonic: 'Aer' = air, you need air for this high-yield energy process.
口诀：'Aer' 表示空气，这个高产能量过程需要空气。
Anaerobic respiration in animals releases energy from glucose without oxygen, producing lactic acid. It is less efficient and causes muscle fatigue.
动物体内的无氧呼吸 在无氧条件下从葡萄糖释放能量，产生乳酸。效率较低并导致肌肉疲劳。
Memory: 'An' = without, 'aero' = air. Lactic acid makes muscles 'lack' comfort – you feel the burn.
记忆：'An' 表示无，'aero' 是空气。乳酸让肌肉“缺”舒适——感受灼烧感。
Oxygen debt is the extra oxygen required to oxidise lactic acid back to glucose or carbon dioxide and water after exercise ceases.
氧债 是运动停止后氧化乳酸，将其转变回葡萄糖或二氧化碳和水所需的额外氧气。
Think of it like paying back a loan to the body – the heavy breathing is your repayment.
视作偿还身体的一笔贷款——激烈的呼吸就是你的还款。
7. The Nervous System | 神经系统
A neurone is a nerve cell that transmits electrical impulses. It consists of a cell body, dendrites and an axon, often covered by a myelin sheath.
神经元 是传递电脉冲的神经细胞。由细胞体、树突和轴突构成，轴突外常包裹髓鞘。
Sound clue: 'Neurone' shares root with 'neuron' – think of a tiny electric wire.
发音线索：'Neurone' 与 'neuron' 同词根——想象成微型电线。
A synapse is the junction between two neurones. When an impulse arrives, neurotransmitters diffuse across the gap and bind to receptors on the next neurone.
突触 是两个神经元之间的连接点。当脉冲到达时，神经递质扩散越过间隙，并与下一个神经元上的受体结合。
Bridge image: The synapse is like a chemical bridge that lets the signal jump across.
桥梁想象：突触如同一座让信号“跳跃”的化学桥。
A reflex arc → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone (in spinal cord) → motor neurone → effector.
反射弧 是反射动作的神经通路，绕开意识脑部以快速响应：刺激 → 感受器 → 感觉神经元 → 中间神经元（在脊髓）→ 运动神经元 → 效应器。
Quick way to remember sequence: 'SRRE' – Sensory, Relay, Motor, Effector. (The middle step often involves a relay neurone.)
快速记忆顺序：感受-中间-运动-效应。
8. Hormonal Coordination | 激素协调
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment. The body regulates temperature, blood glucose, water levels and more through feedback mechanisms.
稳态 是维持恒定内环境。身体通过反馈机制调节体温、血糖、水平衡等。
Breakdown: 'Homeo' = same, 'stasis' = standing still – keeping conditions stable.
拆分：'Homeo' 表示相同，'stasis' 表示站立不动——保持环境稳定。
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake and conversion to glycogen in the liver.
胰岛素 是由胰腺产生的激素，通过促进葡萄糖摄取和在肝脏中转化为糖原来降低血糖。
Association: 'Insulin' tells cells to 'in-sugar' – pushing sugar inside cells.
联想：'Insulin' 让细胞将糖送'进'去。
Glucagon is a hormone that raises blood glucose by converting glycogen back to glucose in the liver. It works antagonistically with insulin.
胰高血糖素 通过将肝脏中的糖原转变回葡萄糖来提高血糖。它和胰岛素是拮抗作用。
Tip: 'Gluca' sounds like 'glucose gone' – it releases glucose when stores are low.
窍门：'Gluca' 听起来像 'glucose gone'——当储备降低时释放葡萄糖。
Adrenaline is the 'fight or flight' hormone. It increases heart rate, dilates air passages and raises blood glucose for quick energy.
肾上腺素 是“战或逃”激素。它加快心率、扩张气道并升高血糖以提供快速能量。
Recall: 'Adrenaline' resembles 'adrenaline rush' – you feel a surge in emergencies.
回忆：'Adrenaline' 类似“肾上腺素飙升”——在紧急情况下你感到一股冲劲。
9. Ecology | 生态学
A population is all the organisms of one species living in a particular area. A community is made up of populations of different species interacting in the same area.
种群 是生活在特定区域的一个物种的全部个体。群落 由同一区域内相互作用的不同物种种群构成。
Mind picture: Population = one team, Community = all the teams in the stadium.
头脑画面：种群 = 一支队伍，群落 = 场馆内所有队伍。
An ecosystem includes the community of organisms and the non-living (abiotic) factors with which they interact, such as temperature, light and water.
生态系统 包括生物群落及它们与之相互作用的非生物（non-living）因素，如温度、光照和水。
Word sum: Eco (environment) + system = a whole working unit.
构词：Eco（环境）+ system（系统）= 一个完整的运作单位。
Producers (e.g. green plants) make their own food by photosynthesis. Consumers eat other organisms. Decomposers break down waste and dead matter, returning nutrients to the soil.
生产者（如绿色植物）通过光合作用自制食物。消费者 取食其他生物。分解者 分解废物和尸体，将养分归还土壤。
Chain link: Sun → Plant (Producer) → Animal (Consumer) → Bacteria/Fungi (Decomposer).
链条：太阳 → 植物（生产者）→ 动物（消费者）→ 细菌/真菌（分解者）。
The carbon cycle shows how carbon moves between the atmosphere, organisms and the Earth. Key processes are photosynthesis, respiration, combustion and decomposition.
碳循环 展示碳在大气、生物和地球之间的移动。关键过程包括光合作用、呼吸作用、燃烧和分解。
Memory flow: Carbon is fixed by plants, passed to animals, and returned by respiration or burning.
记忆流：碳被植物固定，传递给动物，再通过呼吸或燃烧返回。
10. Inheritance and Evolution | 遗传与进化
DNA is a double-helix molecule that carries the genetic instructions. A gene is a section of DNA coding for a specific protein.
DNA 是携带遗传指令的双螺旋分子。基因 是编码特定蛋白质的一段 DNA。
Alphabet thinking: DNA is the recipe book of life; genes are individual recipes.
字母思维：DNA 是生命食谱书；基因是单份食谱。
An allele is a different version of the same gene. Dominant alleles mask the effect of recessive alleles when both are present.
等位基因 是同一基因的不同版本。显性 等位基因在两者都存在时遮盖了隐性 等位基因的效应。
Visualise: Dominant allele is like a loud singer – it is the version you hear.
想象：显性等位基因像一位大声演唱者——你听到的是这个版本。
Homozygous means having two identical alleles for a trait; heterozygous means having two different alleles.
纯合 指拥有某性状的两个相同等位基因；杂合 指拥有两个不同的等位基因。
Prefix help: 'Homo' = same, 'hetero' = different.
前缀帮助：'Homo' =
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