📚 Year 11 AQA Physics: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Rapid Memorisation Guide | 11年级AQA物理：词汇术语速记指南
Physics can feel like learning a new language. The AQA GCSE Physics specification is packed with precise terminology that you must recall accurately under exam pressure. This rapid memorisation guide breaks down the most important Tier 3 vocabulary topic by topic, pairing each term with a memory hack, visual cue, or simple story to help it stick. Use active recall – cover the definitions, say them aloud, then check the Chinese version to reinforce deep learning.
物理有时就像在学习一门全新的语言。AQA 的 GCSE 物理考纲中充满了你必须准确掌握的专业术语。这份速记指南按章节梳理了最重要的 Tier 3 词汇，为每个术语配上了记忆窍门、视觉暗示或简单故事，帮你牢记。使用主动回忆法——遮住定义，大声说出，再对照中文解释巩固深层理解。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Scalar – A quantity with magnitude (size) only. The 'S' in Scalar stands for 'Single number'. Speed and distance are scalars because they don't care about direction.
标量——只有大小（量值）的物理量。标量的“标”字谐音“表”，只表示数字。速率和路程都是标量，因为它们与方向无关。
Vector – A quantity with both magnitude and direction. Think of the 'arrow' pointing somewhere: Velocity and displacement are vectors. An easy way to remember: 'Vector has a Direction, Scalar is Directionless'.
矢量——既有大小又有方向的量。想象一支“箭头”：速度和位移都是矢量。记住：“矢”像弓箭，有指向；标量则无指向。
Displacement – Distance in a given direction. It's the shortest straight‑line route from start to finish, drawn as an arrow. If you walk round a park, your distance might be 500 m, but your displacement could be just 10 m north.
位移——在给定方向上的距离。它是从起点到终点的最短直线路径，用箭头表示。如果你绕公园走一圈，路程可能是500米，但位移也许只是向北10米。
Resultant force – single force that has the same effect as all the forces acting together. For memorisation: 'Resultant = Replace all, get one Result'. If forces balance, resultant force is zero; if unbalanced, the object accelerates.
合力——与所有作用力共同效果相同的单个力。记忆诀窍：“合”就是“合并”为一个结果。若力平衡，合力为零；若不平衡，物体会加速。
Newton's First Law: An object stays at rest or moves at constant velocity unless a resultant force acts on it.
牛顿第一定律：物体保持静止或匀速直线运动状态，除非受到合外力作用。
Call this the 'Lazy Law' – an object is too lazy to change what it’s doing unless pushed.
戏称“懒人定律”——物体懒得改变自己的状态，除非被推一把。
2. Energy | 能量
Kinetic energy – The energy an object possesses due to its motion. Formula: Eₖ = ½ m v². Think of 'Kinetic = moving kicks'. The faster the kick, the squared effect on energy.
动能——物体由于运动而具有的能量。公式：Eₖ = ½ m v²。记成“运动脚踢”——速度增大时，能量以平方倍激增。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE) – Energy stored because of an object's height in a gravitational field. Eₚ = m g h. Memory aid: 'Get PE when you lift your PE (Physical Education) weights up high'.
重力势能（GPE）——物体因在引力场中的高度而储存的能量。Eₚ = m g h。记忆窍门：举高你的体育器材，就获得了势能（PE），“举”即获得势能。
Specific heat capacity – The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C. Symbol c. Water has a high c, so it takes ages to boil – just like waiting for a cuppa tea!
比热容——使1千克物质温度升高1°C所需的能量。符号c。水的比热容很大，因此烧开水要很久——就像等着泡那杯热茶！
Dissipation of energy – The spreading out of energy into the surroundings, often as thermal (heat) energy. It’s why no device is 100% efficient. Think 'Disappears Into Surroundings Slowly I Pat energy away'.
能量耗散——能量（通常为热能）向周围环境扩散的过程。这就是没有任何设备效率为100%的原因。联想“能量悄悄消散到周围”。
3. Electricity | 电学
Current (I) – w of electric charge. Measured in amperes (A). One amp = one coulomb per second. Remember: 'Current carries Charge like a conveyor belt'.
电流（I）——电荷流动的速率。单位安培（A）。1安培=1库仑/秒。记住：“电流运送电荷就像一个传送带”。
Potential difference (V) – The 'push' h a component; energy transferred per unit charge. Volts = Joules per Coulomb. Call it the 'Electric Pressure'.
电势差（电压 V）——驱动电流通过元件的“推力”；每单位电荷转移的能量。伏特=焦耳/库仑。可称为“电的压力”。
Ohm's Law: V = I × R (Potential difference = Current × Resistance)
欧姆定律：V = I × R（电压 = 电流 × 电阻）
Memory trick: 'Very Important Rule' – V = I × R. Also 'Vicky Is Righteous'.
记忆口诀：“Vicky (V) 爱 (I) 穿红（R）” 或者 “Very Important Rule”。
Resistance – How hard it is for current to flow. Measured in ohms (Ω). A narrow wire has high resistance – like a crowd trying to exit through a single door.
电阻——阻碍电流通过的难易程度。单位欧姆（Ω）。细导线电阻大，就像人群只从一个门挤出。
Series circuit – The same current flows through all components. If one bulb breaks, the loop is open and everything stops – like old‑fashioned fairy lights.
串联电路——同一电流流过所有元件。一个灯泡坏了，回路断开，全部熄灭——就像老式的节日灯串。
Parallel circuit – ng paths; total current splits. Each component gets the full potential difference. Memory: 'Parallel = Paths are like railway lines running side by side'.
并联电路——有支路；总电流分流。每个元件获得全部的电源电压。记为“并排的路线，各自独立”。
4. Particle Model of Matter | 物质的粒子模型
Density (ρ) – Mass per unit volume. ρ = m / V. To recall the formula, imagine a heart symbol 'row' m over V. Solids are usually denser because particles are packed tightly.
密度（ρ）——单位体积的质量。ρ = m / V。可以把公式想象成“爱心”符号，m在上V在下。固体通常密度更大，因为粒子紧密排列。
Internal energy – The total kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a substance. Heating increases internal energy: kinetic rises (temperature up) or potential rises (change of state).
内能——物质中所有粒子的动能和势能总和。加热增加内能：动能升高（温度升高）或势能升高（状态改变）。
Specific latent heat – Energy per kilogram needed to change state at constant temperature. Latent heat of fusion (melting) and vaporisation (boiling). 'Latent' means 'hidden'– the energy is used to break bonds, not to raise temperature.
比潜热——在恒温下，每千克物质改变状态所需的能量。熔化潜热和汽化潜热。“潜”即“隐藏”——能量用于打破键，而不是升温。
Gas pressure – f you squeeze a balloon, you increase pressure because particles hit the walls more often.
气压——由粒子撞击容器壁产生。碰撞越频繁或越剧烈，压强越大。挤压气球时，压强增大，因为粒子撞击内壁更频繁。
5. Atomic Structure | 原子结构
Isotope – Atoms of the same element with the same proton number but different neutron numbers. Think 'Isotopes have Identical protons but different neutrons'. Carbon‑12 and Carbon‑14 are isotopes.
同位素——质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素原子。记成“同质异中”。碳‑12和碳‑14就是同位素。
Radioactive decay – The random process by which unstable nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation. It’s completely unpredictable like flipping a coin – you cannot tell when a single nucleus will decay.
放射性衰变——不稳定原子核通过发出辐射损失能量的随机过程。完全像抛硬币一样不可预测——无法知晓某个核何时衰变。
Half‑life (t₁/₂) – The time taken for half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay. Or the time for the count rate to drop by half. t₁/₂ is the symbol. Use the 'half‑empty cup' image.
半衰期（t₁/₂）——样本中半数放射性原子核发生衰变所需的时间，或计数率降为一半的时间。用“半杯水”的画面记忆。
Nuclear fission – The splitting of a large, unstable nucleus (e.g. uranium‑235) into two smaller nuclei, releasing energy and neutrons. Fission = 'splitting as in a splitting fissure'.
核裂变——大而不稳定的核（如铀‑235）分裂成两个较小的核，释放能量和中子。裂变即“分裂”，想象地面裂缝分裂。
Nuclear fusion – drogen) to form a heavier nucleus, releasing huge energy. The Sun’s power source. Fusion = 'Fusing together'. Memory: 'Fuse two things into one'.
核聚变——两个轻核（如氢）结合成较重的核，释放巨大能量。太阳的能量来源。聚变即“融合”，记住“聚合为一”。
6. Waves | 波
Transverse wave – Oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. Examples: light, water ripples, electromagnetic waves. Use your hand to mimic a rope wave: up‑down while wave moves forward.
横波——振动方向与能量传递方向垂直。例：光、水波、电磁波。用手模仿绳波：上下抖，波向前传。
Longitudinal wave – Oscillations are parallel to energy transfer, made of compressions and rarefactions. Sound is longitudinal. Visualise pushing a slinky back and forth.
纵波——振动方向与能量传递方向平行，由密部和疏部组成。声波是纵波。想象推拉弹簧玩具。
Wave speed = frequency × wavelength (v = f λ)
波速 = 频率 × 波长 （v = f λ）
Say it as 'Very Fast Lamb' (v = f λ). Frequency (f) in hertz (Hz) means waves per second.
记忆口诀：“Vicky (v) 飞 (f) 快 (λ) 乐”。频率（f）单位赫兹（Hz），表示每秒波数。
Amplitude – ent from the rest position (height of a wave crest). Louder sound = larger amplitude wave.
振幅——离开平衡位置的最大位移（波峰的高度）。声音越响，振幅越大。
Refraction – ses a boundary between two media at an angle. Happens because wave speed changes. Remember 'Refraction = Redirection when speed changes.
折射——波以一定角度穿过两种介质界面时发生的方向改变，因为波速变化了。记忆：“折”即转向，因速度改变而偏折。
7. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁性与电磁学
Magnetic field – is experienced. Field lines go from north to south. Denser lines = stronger field. Use the 'Field is a force‑zone' analogy.
磁场——能够感受到磁力的区域。磁感线从北极指向南极。线越密，场越强。类比为“力的区域”。
Electromagnet – when current flows. Increases strength by: more turns, larger current, iron core. Memory: 'Electro = Electricity makes it magnetic'.
电磁铁——带有铁芯的螺线管；仅当电流通过时产生磁性。增强方法：更多匝数、更大电流、铁芯。记作“电生磁”。
Motor effect – A force on a current‑carrying wire in a magnetic field. Fleming's left‑hand rule gives direction: First finger = Field, SeCond = Current, ThuMb = Motion (F‑B‑I → Thu‑Mb). Make an 'L' with left hand.
电动机效应——磁场中的载流导线受力。弗莱明左手定则：一指控场（Field），二指控流（Current，中指），拇指指运动方向。左手比“L”形。
Electromagnetic induction – Creating a potential difference by moving a conductor in a magnetic field or changing the field. This is the generator effect. Moving magnet into coil induces voltage.
电磁感应——通过导体在磁场中运动或改变磁场而产生电势差。即发电机效应。磁铁插入线圈会感应出电压。
Transformer – g current in primary produces changing magnetic field, inducing voltage in secondary. Step‑up: more turns on secondary; step‑down: fewer. Vₚ/Vₛ = Nₚ/Nₛ.
变压器——共享铁芯上的两个线圈。初级交流电产生变化磁场，在次级感应电压。升压：次级匝数多；降压：次级匝数少。Vₚ/Vₛ = Nₚ/Nₛ。
8. Space Physics | 空间物理
Red‑shift – rption lines toward the red end of the spectrum. Evidence the universe is expanding. Think 'red = receding'.
红移——遥远星系的光波长增加，吸收光谱线向红端移动。是宇宙膨胀的证据。记住“红＝远去”。
Big Bang theory – The universe began from a single extremely hot, dense point about 13.8 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. Red‑shift and cosmic microwave background (CMB) support it.
大爆炸理论——宇宙约138亿年前从一个极热极密的奇点开始，并不断膨胀。红移和宇宙微波背景辐射（CMB）是证据。
Protostar – A dense region in a nebula that collapses under gravity, heating up before nuclear fusion starts. Like a stellar embryo.
原恒星——星云中的高密度区域在引力下坍缩，在核聚变启动前升温，类似恒星的胚胎。
Main sequence star – ard pressure from fusion balances gravitational collapse. Our Sun is a main sequence star. 'Main sequence = stable adulthood of a star'.
主序星——将氢聚变为氦的稳定恒星；聚变产生的向外压力与引力坍缩平衡。太阳就是一颗主序星。“主序＝恒星稳定的成年期”。
Fusion in stars – Light nuclei join to form heavier ones, releasing energy. This process creates elements up to iron in massive stars. Everything you are made of was forged in stars!
恒星中的聚变——轻核聚合成更重的核，释放能量。大质量恒星中可产生直到铁的元素。你身体里的每一个原子都诞生于星辰！
Published by TutorHao | Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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