📚 Year 11 AQA Physics Quick Reference of Formulae and Theorems | AQA 物理公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook brings together all the key formulae, theorems and laws you need for the Year 11 AQA GCSE Physics course (8463). Use it to check definitions, practise calculations and consolidate your understanding. Each entry gives the essential relationship in bold, its standard units and a short explanation, with a paired Chinese translation for bilingual learners.
这本速查手册汇编了 Year 11 AQA 物理课程 (8463) 需要掌握的全部核心公式、定理和定律。可用来查阅定义、练习计算并巩固理解。每条重点公式均以粗体呈现关系式、标准单位及简要解释，并配以中文翻译，方便双语学习。
1. Motion and Speed | 运动与速度
Average speed: tance (m), and t is time (s). Speed is a scalar quantity; it tells you how fast something moves without direction.
平均速度： v = s / t，其中 v 是速度 (m/s)，s 是路程 (m)，t 是时间 (s)。速度是标量，只表示物体运动的快慢，没有方向。
Acceleration: a = (v – city, measured in metres per second squared (m/s²). Deceleration is negative acceleration.
加速度： a = (v – u) / t 或 a = Δv / t。加速度是速度变化的快慢，单位为米每二次方秒 (m/s²)。减速即为负加速度。
Distance–time graphs: The gradient equals speed. A horizontal line means the object is stationary; a straight sloping line indicates constant speed.
路程–时间图： 斜率等于速度。水平线表示物体静止；倾斜直线表示匀速运动。
Velocity–time graphs: The gradient gives acceleration. The area under the graph represents the distance travelled.
速度–时间图： 斜率表示加速度。图线下方的面积表示移动的路程。
2. Forces and Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律
Newton's First Law: An object remains at rest or moves with a constant velocity unless acted upon by a resultant force. This is the law of inertia.
牛顿第一定律： 除非受到合力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。这就是惯性定律。
Newton's Second Law: m is mass (kg), and a is acceleration (m/s²). The acceleration is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass.
牛顿第二定律： F = m a，其中 F 是合力 (N)，m 是质量 (kg)，a 是加速度 (m/s²)。加速度与合力成正比，与质量成反比。
Weight: vitational field strength (≈ 9.8 N/kg on Earth). Weight is the force of gravity on a mass.
重力： W = m g，g 为重力场强度（地球约为 9.8 N/kg）。重力是地球对物体的吸引力。
Newton's Third Law: Whenever two objects interact, they exert equal and opposite forces on each other.
牛顿第三定律： 两个物体相互作用时，彼此施加的力大小相等、方向相反，且作用在不同物体上。
Hooke's Law: , k is the spring constant (N/m), and x is the extension (m). This holds up to the limit of proportionality.
胡克定律： F = k x，F 为施加的力 (N)，k 为劲度系数 (N/m)，x 为伸长量 (m)。该规律在弹性限度内成立。
Momentum (HT only, Physics only): a closed system, the total momentum before a collision or explosion equals the total momentum after.
动量（仅限物理科高阶部分）： p = m v，p 是动量 (kg m/s)。在封闭系统中，碰撞或爆炸前的总动量等于碰撞或爆炸后的总动量。
Terminal velocity (HT only): When the resistive force on a falling object equals its weight, the resultant force becomes zero and the object falls at constant speed.
终极速度（仅限高阶部分）： 当下落物体受到的阻力等于其重力时，合力为零，物体以恒定速度下落。
3. Moments, Levers and Gears | 力矩、杠杆与齿轮
Moment of a force: e moment (Nm), F is the force (N), and d is the perpendicular distance from the pivot (m).
力矩： M = F d，M 为力矩 (Nm)，F 为力 (N)，d 为力到支点的垂直距离 (m)。
Principle of moments: For an object in rotational equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments about a pivot equals the sum of anticlockwise moments. This allows calculation of unknown forces or distances.
力矩平衡原理： 物体转动平衡时，绕支点的顺时针力矩之和等于逆时针力矩之和。据此可计算未知的力或距离。
Levers and gears: Levers act as force multipliers by providing a larger moment from a small effort. Gears transmit rotational effects and can change the size, direction and speed of a force.
杠杆与齿轮： 杠杆通过小作用力产生大力矩实现力的放大。齿轮传递转动效应，可改变力的大小、方向和速度。
4. Pressure in Fluids | 流体压强
Pressure on a surface: here P is pressure (Pa or N/m²), F is force normal to the surface (N), and A is area (m²).
固体表面压强： P = F / A，P 为压强 (Pa 或 N/m²)，F 为垂直于表面的力 (N)，A 为受力面积 (m²)。
Pressure in a liquid (HT only, Physics only): iquid column (Pa), h is height of the column (m), ρ is density of the liquid (kg/m³), and g is gravitational field strength (N/kg). This equation shows that pressure increases with depth and fluid density.
液体压强（仅限物理科高阶部分）： p = h ρ g，p 为液柱产生的压强 (Pa)，h 为液柱高度 (m)，ρ 为液体密度 (kg/m³)，g 为重力场强度 (N/kg)。该公式表明压强随深度和密度增大而增加。
Upthrust and floating: An object submerged in a fluid experiences an upthrust equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. If the upthrust equals the object's weight, the object floats.
浮力与漂浮： 浸在流体中的物体受到向上的浮力，大小等于排开流体的重力。浮力等于物体重力时，物体漂浮。
5. Energy Transfers and Work | 能量传递与做功
Kinetic energy: ere m is mass (kg) and v is speed (m/s). Doubling the speed quadruples the kinetic energy.
动能： Eₖ = ½ m v²，m 为质量 (kg)，v 为速度 (m/s)。速度加倍，动能变为原来的四倍。
Gravitational potential energy: the change in height (m). Energy stored when an object is raised in a gravitational field.
重力势能： Eₚ = m g h，h 为高度变化 (m)。物体在重力场中被抬高时储存的能量。
Elastic potential energy: N/m) and x is extension (m). This applies as long as the material is not permanently deformed.
弹性势能： Eₑ = ½ k x²，k 为劲度系数 (N/m)，x 为伸长量 (m)。只要材料未发生永久形变，此式成立。
Work done: ), and s is distance moved in the direction of the force (m). Work done equals energy transferred.
做功： W = F s，W 为功 (J)，F 为力 (N)，s 为在力的方向上移动的距离 (m)。做功等于能量转移量。
Power: ork done (J), E is energy transferred (J), and t is time (s). Power rates the speed of energy transfer.
功率： P = W / t = E / t，P 为功率 (W)，W 为做功 (J)，E 为转移的能量 (J)，t 为时间 (s)。功率衡量能量转移的快慢。
Efficiency: Efficiency = Useful energy output / Total energy input (× 100%). No device is 100% efficient; some energy is always dissipated as thermal energy.
效率： 效率 = 有用能量输出 / 总能量输入 (× 100%)。任何装置都无法达到 100% 效率，总会有部分能量以热能耗散。
Specific heat capacity: l energy (J), m is mass (kg), c is specific heat capacity (J/kg°C), and Δθ is temperature change (°C). It tells how much energy is needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C.
比热容： ΔE = m c Δθ，ΔE 为热能变化 (J)，m 为质量 (kg)，c 为比热容 (J/kg°C)，Δθ 为温度变化 (°C)。它表示 1 kg 物质每升高 1°C 所需的热量。
Specific latent heat: ΔE = m L, where L is specific latent heat (J/kg). Used for changes of state – fusion (melting) or vaporisation (boiling) – at constant temperature.
比潜热： ΔE = m L，L 为比潜热 (J/kg)。用于温度不变时的物态变化，如熔化（熔解热）或沸腾（汽化热）。
Conservation of energy: Energy can be transferred, stored or dissipated, but it can never be created or destroyed. The total energy of a closed system remains constant.
能量守恒： 能量可被转移、储存或耗散，但既不能凭空产生，也不会凭空消失。封闭系统的总能量始终保持不变。
6. Electricity Basics | 电学基础
Charge and current: (coulombs, C), I is current (A), and t is time (s). Current is the rate of flow of charge.
电荷与电流： Q = I t，Q 为电荷量 (库仑 C)，I 为电流 (A)，t 为时间 (s)。电流即电荷流动的快慢。
Ohm's Law: e (volts, V), I is current (A), and R is resistance (Ω). Resistance is constant for an ohmic conductor at constant temperature.
欧姆定律： V = I R，V 为电位差 (伏特 V)，I 为电流 (A)，R 为电阻 (Ω)。对欧姆导体，温度不变时电阻恒定。
Resistors in series: R(total) = R₁ + R₂ + … The total resistance increases; current is the same through all components.
串联电阻： R(total) = R₁ + R₂ + … 总电阻增大，各元件电流相同。
Resistors in parallel (HT only): 1
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