📚 Year 11 Edexcel Politics: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | 爱德思政治：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key political vocabulary is essential for success in Year 11 Edexcel Politics. This guide breaks down high-frequency terms into ten clear thematic sections, pairing each concept with a concise English definition and its Chinese equivalent. Use it for quick revision, active recall, and to strengthen your essay answers.
掌握关键政治词汇在 Year 11 爱德思政治考试中至关重要。本指南将高频术语分为十个清晰的主题板块，每个概念均配有简明的英文定义与对应的中文释义。你可以用它进行快速复习、主动回忆，并强化你的论述题答案。
1. Fundamentals of Politics and Power | 政治与权力的基本原理
Politics – The process by which people make collective decisions, allocate resources, and resolve conflicts within a society.
政治 — 人们在社会中作出集体决策、分配资源并解决冲突的过程。
Power – The ability to influence the behaviour of others, often through control of resources, laws, or force.
权力 — 影响他人行为的能力，通常通过对资源、法律或武力的控制来实现。
Authority – The legitimate right to exercise power, accepted by the people as right and lawful.
权威 — 行使权力的合法权利，并被人民认为是正当且合法的。
Legitimacy – The widespread acceptance of a government or institution as having the right to rule.
合法性 — 一个政府或机构被广泛接受拥有统治权。
Sovereignty – Supreme and unrestricted power, either of a state to govern itself or of a parliament to make laws.
主权 — 至高无上的、不受限制的权力，指国家独立自治或议会制定法律的最高权力。
2. Democracy and Representation | 民主与代表制
Democracy – A system of government where power rests with the people, who exercise it directly or through elected representatives.
民主 — 权力属于人民的制度，人民直接或通过选举产生的代表行使权力。
Direct democracy – A form of democracy where citizens vote on policy initiatives directly, without representatives.
直接民主 — 公民不通过代表而直接就政策提案投票的民主形式。
Representative democracy – A system where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.
代议制民主 — 公民选举代表代表他们作出决定的制度。
Parliamentary democracy – A democracy in which the executive is drawn from and accountable to the legislature (parliament).
议会民主 — 行政机构源于立法机构（议会）并向其负责的民主制度。
Referendum – A direct vote by the electorate on a specific question, often used for constitutional changes.
公投 — 选民就某一特定问题进行直接投票，常用于宪法变革。
Constituency – A geographical area whose voters elect a representative to a legislative body.
选区 — 选举出一名代表进入立法机构的地理区域。
3. The UK Constitution | 英国宪法
Constitution – A set of rules and principles that define how a state is governed and the rights of its citizens.
宪法 — 界定国家治理方式及公民权利的一套规则和原则。
Uncodified constitution – A constitution that is not written in a single document; the UK constitution is drawn from statutes, common law, conventions, and authoritative works.
不成文宪法 — 并非写进单一文件中的宪法；英国宪法来源于成文法、普通法、惯例和权威著作。
Statute law – Law made by Parliament; Acts of Parliament are the highest form of law in the UK.
成文法 — 由议会制定的法律；议会法令是英国最高级别的法律。
Common law – Law developed through judicial decisions and precedents, not written statutes.
普通法 — 通过司法判决和先例发展而来的法律，而非成文法规。
Parliamentary sovereignty – The doctrine that Parliament is the supreme law-making body and can make or repeal any law.
议会主权 — 议会是最高立法机关，可以制定或废除任何法律的原则。
Rule of law – The principle that everyone, including government, is subject to the law and must obey it.
法治 — 任何人，包括政府在内，都受法律约束并必须服从法律的原则。
Separation of powers – The division of government responsibilities into distinct branches – legislature, executive, and judiciary – to limit any one branch from exercising unchecked power.
权力分立 — 将政府职责分为立法、行政、司法三个不同部门，以限制任一部门不受制约的行使权力。
4. Parliament and Government | 议会与政府
Parliament – The supreme legislative body in the UK, comprising the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the monarch.
议会 — 英国最高立法机构，由下议院、上议院和君主组成。
House of Commons – The elected lower chamber of Parliament, where MPs represent constituencies and pass laws.
下议院 — 议会的民选下院，由选区选举的议员组成，负责通过法律。
House of Lords – The unelected upper chamber, which scrutinises legislation, but can only delay, not veto, bills.
上议院 — 非民选的上院，负责审查立法，但只能延迟而不能否决法案。
Government – The executive branch led by the prime minister and cabinet, responsible for running the country and proposing laws.
政府 — 由首相和内阁领导的行政分支，负责管理国家并提出法律。
Cabinet – A group of senior ministers chosen by the prime minister, who collectively make major government decisions.
内阁 — 由首相挑选的高级大臣组成，集体作出重大政府决策。
Opposition – The largest party not in government, which challenges and scrutinises the work of the executive.
反对党 — 不在政府中的最大政党，负责挑战和监督政府工作。
Whip – A party official who ensures MPs attend and vote according to party lines; also refers to the instruction issued to MPs.
党鞭 — 负责确保议员按要求出席并按照政党路线投票的党务官员；亦指向议员发布的投票指示。
5. Elections and Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度
General election – A national election in which all seats in the House of Commons are contested; held at least every five years.
大选 — 下议院所有席位进行改选的全国性选举；至少每五年举行一次。
By-election – An election held in a single constituency to fill a vacancy between general elections.
补选 — 在两次大选之间为填补某一选区空缺而举行的选举。
First-past-the-post (FPTP) – The voting system used for UK general elections; the candidate with the most votes in a constituency wins.
简单多数制 — 英国大选使用的投票制度；各选区得票最多的候选人当选。
Proportional representation (PR) – Electoral systems designed to allocate seats in proportion to votes cast, used in devolved assemblies.
比例代表制 — 旨在按得票比例分配席位的选举制度，用于地方分权议会。
Franchise – The right to vote in public elections; also called suffrage.
选举权 — 在公开选举中投票的权利。
Mandate – The authority granted by voters to a winning party to carry out its manifesto promises.
授权 — 选民赋予获胜政党履行其竞选纲领承诺的权力。
6. Political Parties and Pressure Groups | 政党与压力集团
Political party – An organised group of people sharing similar political ideas, seeking to gain power through elections.
政党 — 一群持有相似政治理念并试图通过选举获得权力的有组织团体。
Manifesto – A published declaration of a party's policies and intentions, issued before an election.
竞选宣言 — 选举前公布的一份阐述政党政策和意图的书面声明。
Left-wing – Political positions favouring social equality, government intervention, and extensive public services.
左翼 — 支持社会平等、政府干预和广泛公共服务的政治立场。
Right-wing – Political positions emphasising individual freedom, free markets, and limited government.
右翼 — 强调个人自由、自由市场和小政府的政治立场。
Pressure group – An organised group that seeks to influence government policy without standing for election.
压力集团 — 有组织地试图影响政府政策但不参加选举的团体。
Lobbying – Activities aimed at influencing legislators and government officials on specific issues.
游说 — 为在特定问题上影响立法者和政府官员而开展的活动。
7. The Judiciary and Civil Liberties | 司法与公民自由
Judiciary – The branch of government responsible for interpreting and applying the law; the system of courts and judges.
司法机构 — 负责解释和适用法律的政府部门；由法院和法官组成的系统。
Judicial independence – The principle that judges should be free from political interference and able to decide cases impartially.
司法独立 — 法官应免受政治干预、能够公正断案的原则。
Judicial review – The power of courts to examine the lawfulness of decisions made by public bodies, including government ministers.
司法审查 — 法院审查公共机构（包括政府大臣）决定合法性的权力。
Civil liberties – Fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed to individuals, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and privacy.
公民自由 — 保障个人的基本权利和自由，如言论、集会和隐私自由。
Human Rights Act 1998 – A UK law that incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law.
《1998年人权法案》 — 将《欧洲人权公约》纳入英国国内法律的立法。
Discrimination – Treating a person or group unfairly because of a characteristic such as race, gender, or religion.
歧视 — 因种族、性别或宗教等特征而不公平地对待某个人或群体。
8. Devolution and Local Governance | 权力下放与地方治理
Devolution – The statutory transfer of powers from central government to regional or local administrations.
权力下放 — 将权力从中央政府依法转移至地区或地方行政机构。
Scottish Parliament – The devolved parliament for Scotland, with powers over health, education, and transport.
苏格兰议会 — 苏格兰的分权议会，拥有卫生、教育和交通等领域的权力。
Senedd Cymru – The devolved parliament for Wales, previously known as the National Assembly for Wales.
威尔士议会 — 威尔士的分权议会，前身为威尔士国民议会。
Northern Ireland Assembly – The devolved legislature for Northern Ireland, with power-sharing arrangements between unionist and nationalist parties.
北爱尔兰议会 — 北爱尔兰的分权立法机构，实行联合派与民族派政党之间的权力分享安排。
Local authorities – Councils responsible for delivering services such as housing, waste collection, and education in a defined area.
地方当局 — 负责在特定区域内提供住房、垃圾收集和教育等服务的议会。
Precept – A charge levied by a local or parish council as part of the council tax to fund its services.
附征税额 — 地方或教区议会为筹集服务资金而在议会税中征收的一项费用。
9. The Media and Public Opinion | 媒体与舆论
Free press – The ability of journalists to report and publish information without government censorship, vital for democracy.
新闻自由 — 记者在没有政府审查的情况下报道和发布信息的能力，对民主至关重要。
Public opinion – The collective attitudes and views of the public on political and social issues.
舆论 — 公众对政治和社会问题的集体态度和观点。
Opinion poll – A survey designed to measure public opinion, typically used before elections to predict outcomes.
民意调查 — 旨在衡量舆论的调查，通常在选举前用于预测结果。
Media bias – The perceived or real slant of news coverage that favours one political viewpoint over another.
媒体偏见 — 新闻报道中明显的或实际存在的倾向于某一政治观点的偏向。
Spin – The presentation of information in a way that influences public interpretation, often by political press officers.
舆论导向 — 通过特定方式呈现信息以影响公众解读的行为，通常由政治新闻官操作。
Social media – Digital platforms that enable users to create and share content; increasingly used for political campaigning and debate.
社交媒体 — 使用户能够创造和分享内容的数字平台；越来越多地用于政治竞选和辩论。
10. Citizenship and Political Participation | 公民身份与政治参与
Citizen – A legally recognised member of a state, entitled to rights and subject to duties.
公民 — 在法律上被承认的国家成员，享有权利并负有义务。
Active citizenship – The idea that citizens should actively engage in their communities and democratic processes, not just obey the law.
积极公民 — 公民应积极参与社区和民主进程，而不仅仅遵守法律的理念。
Political participation – The actions through which individuals take part in democratic politics, such as voting, protesting, or joining a party.
政治参与 — 个人参与民主政治的行动，如投票、抗议或加入政党。
Democratic deficit – A situation where political institutions or decisions seem to lack democratic legitimacy or public accountability.
民主赤字 — 政治机构或决策似乎缺乏民主合法性或公众问责的情况。
Voter apathy – A lack of interest or motivation among eligible voters to take part in elections, often reflected in low turnout.
选民冷漠 — 合格选民对参与选举缺乏兴趣或动力，通常表现为低投票率。
Volunteering – Freely giving time and skills to benefit others or the community, a form of active citizenship.
志愿服务 — 自愿奉献时间和技能以服务他人或社区，这是一种积极公民形式。
Turnout – The percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election; a key indicator of democratic health.
投票率 — 在选举中投票的合格选民百分比；是衡量民主健康状况的关键指标。
Published by TutorHao | Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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