📚 Year 11 SQA Biology: Glossary and Terminology Quick-Study Guide | Year 11 SQA 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering SQA Biology at Year 11 means building a rock-solid vocabulary. This guide breaks down essential terms unit by unit, pairing each with a memory boost so you can recall definitions quickly in an exam.
掌握 SQA 生物 Year 11 课程，需要打牢词汇基础。这份指南按单元拆解核心术语，每个术语配上记忆小窍门，让你在考试中快速调用定义。
1. Cells and Organelles | 细胞与细胞器
Start with the building blocks. Focus on the organelle that matches each job: 'Mighty Mitochondria' for energy, 'Ribosomes are protein factories'.
从基本单位开始。把细胞器和工作对应起来："强大的线粒体"负责能量，"核糖体是蛋白质工厂"。
Cell membrane – a selectively permeable barrier that controls what enters and leaves. Think 'border control'.
细胞膜 – 一种选择透过性屏障，控制物质进出。联想 "边境管控"。
Mitochondria – site of aerobic respiration, releasing ATP. Memory hook: 'Mighty Mitochondria make mighty ATP'.
线粒体 – 有氧呼吸的场所，释放 ATP。记忆钩子："强大的线粒体制造强大的能量"。
Ribosomes – tiny structures that translate mRNA into proteins. Recall: 'Ribosomes read the recipe and cook proteins'.
核糖体 – 微小结构，将 mRNA 翻译成蛋白质。记住："核糖体读菜谱，做出蛋白质"。
Plasmid – a small loop of DNA in bacteria, used in genetic engineering. Visualise a 'spare part' ring.
质粒 – 细菌中的小环状 DNA，用于基因工程。想象成一个"备用零件"环。
2. Cellular Transport | 细胞运输
Movement across membranes can be passive or active. Diffuse downhill, osmose through water channels, pump uphill with ATP.
跨膜运输有被动和主动之分。扩散是顺流而下，渗透通过水通道，主动运输靠 ATP 逆流而上。
Diffusion – net movement of particles from high to low concentration, no energy needed. Mnemonic: 'Diffusion = drift down'.
扩散 – 粒子从高浓度到低浓度的净移动，无需能量。助记："扩散就是向下漂移"。
Osmosis – diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Key phrase: 'Osmosis is only water'.
渗透 – 水通过选择透过性膜的扩散。关键句："渗透只讲水"。
Active transport – movement against a concentration gradient using carrier proteins and ATP. Remember: 'Active = ATP Against the flow'.
主动运输 – 逆浓度梯度移动，需要载体蛋白和 ATP。记住："主动 = 依赖 ATP 逆流而动"。
3. Enzymes in Action | 酶的作用
Enzymes are biological catalysts. Their shape decides their job. Lock-and-key helps you picture the fit.
酶是生物催化剂。它们的形状决定功能。"锁-钥模型"能帮你想象结合方式。
Active site – the specific region on an enzyme where substrates bind. Think 'active spot with a unique shape'.
活性位点 – 酶上底物结合的特定区域。想象"形状独特的活性点"。
Substrate – the reactant that an enzyme acts upon. Match it to 'the key that fits only one lock'.
底物 – 酶作用的反应物。把它对号入座："只匹配一把锁的钥匙"。
Denatured – when an enzyme's active site changes shape permanently due to extreme pH or heat. Think 'destroyed shape = dead enzyme'.
变性 – 酶在极端的 pH 或高温下活性位点永久变形。联想"形状破坏 = 酶失效"。
Optimum temperature – the temperature at which enzyme activity is highest. Visualise the peak of a hill.
最适温度 – 酶活性最高的温度。想象山坡的顶峰。
4. DNA and the Genetic Code | DNA 与遗传密码
DNA stores instructions in a sequence of bases. You transcribe it into mRNA, then translate into a protein chain.
DNA 以碱基序列储存指令。经转录形成 mRNA，再翻译成蛋白质链。
Nucleotide – the monomer unit of DNA, made of a sugar, phosphate and base. 'Nu-cleo-tide = sugar-phos-phate-base'.
核苷酸 – DNA 的单体，由糖、磷酸和碱基组成。音节记忆："核-苷-酸 = 糖-磷-碱"。
Complementary base pairing – A pairs with T, C pairs with G. Use 'AT the CG club' to never mix them up.
互补碱基配对 – A 与 T 配对，C 与 G 配对。用 "AT 和 CG 俱乐部" 避免混淆。
mRNA (messenger RNA) – carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to a ribosome. Think 'messenger takes the message'.
信使 RNA – 将 DNA 密码的拷贝从细胞核带到核糖体。联想"信使传递信息"。
Codon – a triplet of bases on mRNA that codes for one amino acid. 'Three-letter word for a protein building block'.
密码子 – mRNA 上的三个碱基，编码一个氨基酸。"一个三字母词，代表一个蛋白质积木"。
5. Inheritance Key Terms | 遗传关键词汇
Punnett squares need the right words. Alleles are versions of a gene; dominance determines which trait appears.
旁氏表需要准确的术语。等位基因是基因的变体；显隐性决定哪个性状出现。
Gene – a section of DNA that codes for a protein. 'Gene = a recipe for one protein'.
基因 – 编码蛋白质的 DNA 片段。"基因 = 一份蛋白质食谱"。
Allele – different forms of the same gene. Remember 'Allele = Alternative version'.
等位基因 – 同一基因的不同形式。记住 "等位 = 改变的版本"。
Dominant allele – always expressed if present, shown by a capital letter. 'Dominant = bossy, always shows up'.
显性等位基因 – 只要存在就表现，用大写字母表示。"显性 = 强势，总会露脸"。
Recessive allele – only expressed when two copies are present, shown by a lowercase letter. 'Recessive needs a partner'.
隐性等位基因 – 只有存在两个拷贝时才表现，用小写字母表示。"隐性需要一个同伴"。
Homozygous vs Heterozygous – same alleles vs different alleles. Say 'homo = same, hetero = different'.
纯合 与 杂合 – 相同等位基因与不同等位基因。读起来就是 "纯 = 同，杂 = 异"。
6. Mitosis vs Meiosis | 有丝分裂与减数分裂
Both are nuclear divisions, but outcomes differ. Mitosis makes identical diploid cells; meiosis shuffles genes into haploid gametes.
两者都是核分裂，但结果不同。有丝分裂产生相同的二倍体细胞；减数分裂重组基因，形成单倍体配子。
Diploid (2n) – a cell containing two sets of chromosomes. Think 'double set'.
二倍体 (2n) – 含有两套染色体的细胞。联想 "双份套"。
Haploid (n) – a cell with one set of chromosomes, such as a sperm or egg. 'Half the set'.
单倍体 (n) – 仅有一套染色体的细胞，如精子或卵子。"半套"。
Mitosis – produces two genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair. Mnemonic: 'Mi-two-sis gives two same cells'.
有丝分裂 – 产生两个遗传相同的子细胞，用于生长和修复。助记："有丝分裂 = 两个一样"。
Meiosis – produces four genetically varied haploid gametes. Link 'Me-osis' with 'me making different gametes'.
减数分裂 – 产生四个遗传不同的单倍体配子。联想 "减数 = 减少数目并增加变异"。
7. Ecology and Energy Flow | 生态与能量流动
Every food chain starts with sunlight. Fix it with producers, then pass energy along trophic levels – but most is lost as heat.
每条食物链始于阳光。由生产者固定，然后沿营养级传递——但大部分能量以热的形式散失。
Producer – a green plant or alga that photosynthesises. 'Producer creates food from sun'.
生产者 – 进行光合作用的绿色植物或藻类。"生产者用阳光制造食物"。
Primary consumer – herbivore that eats producers. 'First eater in line'.
初级消费者 – 以生产者為食的植食动物。"第一个食客"。
Decomposer – a bacterium or fungus that breaks down dead matter, recycling nutrients. 'De-composer breaks it down'.
分解者 – 分解死物、回收养分的细菌或真菌。"分解者拆解一切"。
Pyramid of energy – always upright because energy is lost at each level. Remember 'energy escapes as heat, so the pyramid stands'.
能量金字塔 – 总是正立，因为每一级都损失能量。记住"能量以热逃逸，金字塔才站得稳"。
8. Biodiversity and Adaptation | 生物多样性与适应
Biodiversity measures the variety of life in a habitat. Adaptations – structural, physiological, behavioural – help organisms survive.
生物多样性衡量栖息地里生命的丰富程度。适应——结构的、生理的、行为的——帮助生物生存。
Species – a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. 'Species share a gene pool'.
物种 – 能够互相交配并产生可育后代的一群生物。"物种共享基因池"。
Habitat – the place where an organism lives. 'Habitat = home address'.
栖息地 – 生物居住的地方。"栖息地就是家庭住址"。
Adaptation – a feature that increases an organism's chance of survival. Use 'add-aptation to fit the surroundings'.
适应 – 增加生物生存机会的特征。联想 "适应就是让自己贴合环境"。
Natural selection – organisms with advantageous alleles survive and reproduce more. Summarised as 'survival of the best fitted'.
自然选择 – 拥有有利等位基因的个体更能存活并繁殖。可总结为"最适者生存"。
9. Cardiovascular Vocabulary | 心血管词汇
Heart, vessels and blood keep tissues supplied. Arteries carry away, veins bring back; capillaries are the tiny exchange zones.
心脏、血管和血液持续供养组织。动脉输出，静脉回流；毛细血管是微小的交换区。
Aorta – the largest artery, carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body. Think 'A-or-ta = Away main pipe'.
主动脉 – 最大的动脉，将含氧血从左心室送往全身。联想"A-主 = 离开的主管道"。
Vena cava – the large vein returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. 'Vena cava = Vein coming-back'.
腔静脉 – 将缺氧血送回右心房的大静脉。"腔静脉 = 回来的静脉"。
Coronary arteries – blood vessels that supply the heart muscle itself. 'Coronary = crown, feeding the heart'.
冠状动脉 – 供应心肌本身的血管。"冠状 = 王冠，滋养心脏"。
Capillary – one-cell-thick vessel where gas and nutrient exchange occurs. 'Capillary = tiny tube for swapping'.
毛细血管 – 一个细胞厚的血管，是气体和养分交换的场所。"毛细 = 微小交换管"。
10. Nervous Communication | 神经通讯
Fast electrical signals along neurons, chemical jumps across synapses. The reflex arc is the quickest protection route.
沿神经元快速传递的电信号，在突触间以化学方式跳跃。反射弧是最快的保护通路。
Neuron – a nerve cell that transmits impulses. Three types: sensory, relay, motor. 'Neuron = message wire'.
神经元 – 传递冲动的神经细胞。有三种：感觉、中间、运动。"神经元 = 信息线"。
Synapse – a tiny gap between neurons where neurotransmitters diffuse. 'Synapse = small space signals swim across'.
突触 – 神经元之间的微小间隙，神经递质在此扩散。"突触 = 信号游过的小空隙"。
Neurotransmitter – chemical messengers like acetylcholine that cross a synapse. 'Neuro-transmitter transfers the news'.
神经递质 – 穿过突触的化学信使，例如乙酰胆碱。"递质传递消息"。
Reflex arc – the pathway: receptor → sensory neuron → relay neuron → motor neuron → effector. Say 'Reflex arc skips the brain for speed'.
反射弧 – 通路：感受器 → 感觉神经元 → 中间神经元 → 运动神经元 → 效应器。口诀："反射弧绕脑走，只为快"。
11. Hormonal Homeostasis | 激素稳态
Homeostasis keeps internal conditions steady. Negative feedback reverses a change – it is the body's thermostat.
稳态保持内部环境稳定。负反馈会逆转变化——它就是身体的恒温器。
Homeostasis – maintenance of a constant internal environment. Break it down: 'homeo = same, stasis = standing still'.
稳态 – 维持恒定内环境。拆解词根："homeo = 相同，stasis = 静止"。
Negative feedback – a response that counteracts a deviation from the set point. 'Negative = negate the change'.
负反馈 – 抵消偏离调定点的反应。"负 = 否定变化"。
Insulin – hormone that lowers blood glucose by converting it to glycogen. Associate 'In-sulin puts sugar INto storage'.
胰岛素 – 通过将血糖转变为糖原来降低血糖的激素。联想"胰-导-素 = 引导糖入库"。
Glucagon – hormone that raises blood glucose by breaking down glycogen. 'Gluca-gone gets the sugar gone from stores'.
胰高血糖素 – 通过分解糖原升高血糖的激素。"高血糖素 = 把存的糖动员出来"。
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) – controls water reabsorption in the kidney. 'Anti-diuretic = against urine loss'.
抗利尿激素 – 控制肾脏对水的重吸收。"抗利尿 = 阻止水分流失"。
12. Biotechnology Terminology | 生物技术术语
Manipulating DNA requires tools: restriction enzymes cut, ligase sticks. Plasmids become vectors for new genes.
操作 DNA 需要工具：限制酶切断，连接酶粘合。质粒成为新基因的载体。
Genetic engineering – altering an organism's DNA by introducing a foreign gene. 'Engineering genes = editing the code'.
基因工程 – 通过引入外源基因改变生物体的 DNA。"基因工程 = 编辑密码"。
Restriction enzyme – cuts DNA at specific base sequences. Think 'restriction scissors that snip at recognition sites'.
限制酶 – 在特定碱基序列处切割 DNA。想象 "识别位点上的限制剪刀"。
Ligase – an enzyme that joins DNA fragments. 'Ligase = Ligament that ties pieces together'.
连接酶 – 连接 DNA 片段的酶。"连接酶 = 把片段绑在一起的韧带"。
Vector – a carrier (often a plasmid) used to transfer foreign DNA into a host cell. 'Vector vehicles the gene'.
载体 – 将外源 DNA 转入宿主细胞的携带者（常为质粒）。"载体运载基因"。
Genetically modified organism (GMO) – an organism whose genome has been altered. Remember 'GMO = Gene-Made Organism'.
转基因生物 – 基因组被改造过的生物。记住 "GMO = 基因改造生物"。
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